研究范式和研究方法介绍 张鹏翼 2012年4月4日
研究方法和范式 Framework for choosing research methods Research Paradigms Inductive and Deductive Research Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
研究范式决定研究方法 研究范式(Creswell, 2003) Positivist / Post-positivist 实证／后实证主义 Constructivist / Deconstructionist 建构主义 Advocacy / Participatory 参与／主张 Pragmatic 实用主义
实证／后实证主义 Thinkers Key Points Popper波普尔, Newton牛顿, Stanley 存在唯一的客观现实，客观现实可以被建模 研究者不能“证实”一个理论或其他因果命题，但是可以通过消除其他解释来增强这一理论 对于同一套数据可以用不同的理论来解释 观察中内含着理论、研究过程中的主观因素，但是坚持客观性仍然是研究的努力方向，研究者应该尽可能地保持中立 某些严格的科学方法的要求并不适合于社会科学研究，因此提出准实验研究
建构主义／解析主义 Thinkers Key Points Vygotsky维果斯基, Piaget皮亚杰, Lincoln & Guba 现实／知识是被构建的 Socially – Vygotsky Individually -- Piaget 现实／知识是主观的 现实／知识在一定的情境／context中成立
参与／主张 Thinkers Key Points Types Marx, Habermas, Freire, Kemmis & Wilkinson Key Points Reality/meaning is socially constructed Research is intertwined with politics and political agendas Addresses issues of empowerment, voice to the marginalized, oppression... Tends to be qualitative Types Feminist perspective Queer theory Disability inquiry Racialized discourse Critical Theory
实用主义 Thinkers – Pierce, James, Mead, and Dewey Key Points Researches are not tied to a particular philosophical world view (knowledge claim) Researchers are free to choose the methodology (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods) that appears to address the problem at hand. Practical problem solving oriented Tends to utilize a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach
Inductive／Deductive
定性研究 Traditions Ethnographies – longitudinal study of intact culture in natural setting. Grounded Theory – Abstract from views of participants. Case Studies – In-depth study of a individuals, an event, or a process. Narrative Research – Collects stories of individuals.
定量研究 Key Concepts Experimental designs Non-experimental Designs – e.g. surveys Scientific Method Empiricism Claims Objectivity Most often used by post positivists.
混合方法 Types Sequential – Qualitative to quantitative or quantitative to qualitative. Concurrent – Integrate qualitative and quantitative methods and data. Transformative – Theory driven choices in data collection techniques.
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