英语句子成分 cover

（一）主语 主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 例如：

2.We often speak English in class. 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词） （代词） （数词） （不定式） （动名词） （名词化的形容词）

（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. （主语从句） （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

（二）谓语 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词(Verb)(连系动词/行为动词)在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. 2、复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词 + 动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting.  3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to be) very sad.  

 4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： He became mad after that.   6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.  

（三）表语 表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：

1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours?（代词） 3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词） 4.The speech is exciting.（分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）

6.His job is to teach English.（不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

（四）宾语 宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （名词） （代词、动名词） （名词、数词）

4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. （名词化形容词，名词） （不定式短语） （动名词短语） （宾语从句）

宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. 跟to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如 He sent the novel to William yesterday. 跟for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.

下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike. 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window . 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。

（五）宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （名词） （形容词） （副词） （不定式短语） （现在分词） （介词短语） （从句）

（六）定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）

5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语） 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句)

（七）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （副词及副词性词组） （介词短语） （不定式短语）

4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.Once you begin, you must continue. （分词短语） （名词） （状语从句）

9种状语种类： 1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （时间状语） （原因状语） （条件状语从句） （地点状语） （方式状语）

6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 7.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9.She works very hard though she is old. 10.I am taller than he is. （伴随状语） （目的状语） （结果状语从句） （让步状语从句） （比较状语从句）

（八）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （九）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think / suppose / believe等，如： To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.

练习：将下列句子译成英语。 1.失败是成功之母。 （be） 2.孩子很快睡着了。（fall asleep） 3.杰克似乎是一个精力充沛的人。(seem) 4.她还在睡觉。( sleep ) 5.老师从那边过来了。 ( come ) 6.下周你要去参观长城吗？ ( go ) 7.他们搭起了帐篷，生了篝火。 ( put up/make )

8.你的自行车需要修理了。 ( need ) 9.在地震中许多人失去了生命。 ( lost ) 10.你可以把自行车借给我吗？ ( lend ) 11.你能给我一些新的信息吗？ ( offer ) 12.她给她的孩子们作了一顿可口的饭菜。 ( cook ) 13.什么让你那么生气？ ( make ) 14。我闻到厨房有东西烧焦了。 ( smell ) 15.我看见TOM进了办公室。（see）

练习 S. Attribute O. Adverbial V Attribute V Adverbial （一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. S. Attribute O. Adverbial V Attribute V Adverbial

Attribute Predicative O. Subject Predicate S. Predicative V O. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. O. Subject Predicate S. Predicative V O. Adverbial O O.C