BASIC PRINCIPLES IN OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 职业卫生基本原则 Day 1 第1天

Insert site Emergency procedures插入现场应急程序

Insert Lecturer(s) Background 插入讲师背景

Course Aims 课程宗旨 To provide a practical understanding of occupational hygiene for people who need to manage or advise on workplace health issues in their employment. 帮助如下人员切实理解职业卫生：负责对工作场所健康问题进行管理或提供建议的人员。 To provide a foundation for students who wish to undertake more in-depth study in individual occupational hygiene subjects. 为想要深入研究某个职业卫生专项的学生奠定研究基础。 To inform and enthuse students about the field of occupational hygiene. 帮助学生了解职业卫生，培养学生对职业卫生的兴趣。

Learning Outcomes 学习成果 On successful completion of this module you should have a basic understanding of: 成功完成本课程后，应掌握如下基本知识点： The value of occupational hygiene and the role of the occupational hygienist 职业卫生的价值和职业卫生师的作用。 The range of health hazards encountered in the workplace. 工作场所中健康危害的范围。 Hazard recognition techniques 危害识别技术 Sources and potential routes of occupational exposure 职业风险的来源和潜在途径 Exposure assessment and the measurement processes involved 职业风险评​​估和相关测量过程 Methods of controlling exposure 控制风险的方法 The management of occupational hygiene programmes. 职业卫生项目的管理

What is expected of you 对学员的期望是什么？ Ask questions as we go through the notes 讲解教学要点时，提出疑问。 Participate in the discussions 参与讨论 。 Participate in the practical exercises 参与实习。 Attempt the questions each night. 尝试完成课后问题。

Day 1 – Contents 第1天 – 目录 Introduction 简介 Human Physiology 人体生理学 Fundamentals of Toxicology 毒理学基础 Examples of Hazardous Substances/Processes 有害物质/危险工序示例

1- INTRODUCTION 1-简介

What is Occupational Hygiene? 什么是职业卫生？ The International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA) defines Occupational Hygiene as: 国际职业卫生协会（IOHA）将职业卫生定义为： 'The discipline of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.' “职业健康是对工作场所内健康危害进行预测、识别、评估和控制的一门科学，其目的为保护劳动者的健康和福祉，保障社会安全。”

HEALTH HAZARDS 健康危害 Chemical agents 化学因素 Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids, dusts, mists, fumes, etc. 气体、蒸汽、固体、纤维、液体、粉尘、烟雾、油烟等。 Physical agents 物理因素 Noise and vibration 噪声和振动 Heat and cold 冷热温度 Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc. 电磁场、照明等。 Biological agents 生物因素 Bacteria, fungi, etc. 细菌、真菌等 Ergonomic factors 人体工程因素 Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion 搬运、拉伸、和重复运动 Psychosocial factors 社会心理因素 Stress, workload and work organisation 压力、工作量和工作组织

ANTICIPATING AND RECOGNIZING 预测和识别 ANTICIPATION – this involves identifying potential hazards in the workplace before they are introduced. 预测—潜在危险进入工作场所之前，对其进行预测识别。 RECOGNITION - this involves identifying the potential hazard that a chemical, physical or biological agent - or an adverse ergonomic situation - poses to health. 识别—确认化学、物理或生物类或不符合人体工程学，且对健康有损的潜在危害。

EVALUATION 评估 EVALUATION of the extent of exposure to the chemical hazards, physical or biological agents (or adverse ergonomic situation) in the workplace. This often involves measurement of the personal exposure of a worker to the hazard/agent in the workplace, particularly at the relevant interface between the environment and the body, e.g. breathing zone, hearing zone, and assessment of the data in terms of recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs), where such criteria exist. 评估—对工作场所内的化学危害、物理或生物因素（或不符合人体工程学的情况）程度进行评估。通常需要对工作场所的危害/因素对员工构成的风险程度进行测量，特别是对环境与身体接触的相关部位，如呼吸和听觉等，还需将结果与推荐的职业接触限值（OEL）（如有）进行比对。

CONTROL 控制 CONTROL of the chemical, physical or biological agent - or adverse ergonomic situation, by procedural, engineering or other means where the evaluation indicates that this is necessary. 控制—通过采用工艺改善、工程防护或其他评估认为必要的方式来对化学、物理、或生物因素，或不符合人体工程学的情况进行控制。

What is Occupational Hygiene? 什么是职业卫生？ 工作活动 暴露 职业卫生 职业健康 疾病 职业病学

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 Ca 400 BC Hippocrates in ancient Greece first noted illness in mercury sulphide workers. 约公元前400年，古希腊希波克拉底首先注意硫化汞工人的病症。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 Ca 1540 Paracelsus in Austria described lung diseases in mineworkers 1540年左右，奥地利帕拉塞尔苏斯描述矿工的肺病

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 Agricola (ca 1556) 阿格里科拉（1556年左右） Agricola (ca 1556) in Bohemia wrote “De Re Metallica” which describes the diseases associated with miners as well as the use of ventilation and respiratory protective equipment to control exposures to gases and dusts.波希米亚阿格里科拉（约1556年）撰写了《论矿冶》，该书中描述了与采矿相关的疾病，以及采用通风和呼吸防护设备来控制接触气体和粉尘的信息。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1700 Ramazzini, the father of industrial medicine, and Professor of Medicine in Padua, wrote “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba”, the first formal study of industrial diseases. 1700年，工业医学之父，帕多瓦医学教授Ramazzini撰写了《职业病》一文——打开了工业疾病正式研究之门。 Diatriba”，It was he who added an addition to Hippocrates list of questions to patients when taking a history, namely “what is your occupation?” Diatriba，在询问病史时，除了询问希波克拉底问题清单上的内容外，还新增了“做什么工作？”的问题。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 The Industrial revolution from the late 1700s through to the late 1800s led to increased urbanisation and industrialisation. Picture of Manchester UK. 18世纪后期到19世纪后期的工业革命加快了城市化和工业化进程。图为英国曼彻斯特。 Engraving by (1795-1870), original title Manchester, from Kersal Moor after a painting of W. Wylde.

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal impregnated mask to control exposure to gases and vapours. 1858年，约翰·斯腾豪斯 采用木炭面罩来避免吸入 气体和蒸汽。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1889 - Exposure limits are set for humidity and carbon dioxide in cotton mills in the UK. 1889 年–英国棉纺厂设定了湿度和二氧化碳接触限值。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide by exposing rats mice and even himself to varying concentrations within an “exposure chamber”. 19世纪90年代——霍尔丹开始研究一氧化碳的毒性，将老鼠和自己放在不同浓度的“暴露室”内。 He used these results to develop “dose v time” plots for severity and discomfort of health effects. 他采用研究结果绘制并明确了严重影响健康和人体感觉不适的“剂量-时间”图。 He introduces the use of small animals and in particular Canaries as the first way of monitoring to give an indication of the levels of toxic gas. 他介绍了使用小动物（尤其是金丝雀）作为监测有毒气体程度的首要方法。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1910 Alice Hamilton works in the US as the first Industrial toxicologist pioneering the field of toxicology and occupational hygiene. 1910年，爱丽丝·汉密尔顿成为美国第一位涉及毒理学和职业卫生领域的工业毒理学家。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1917 - During the first world war, the urgency of the work in munitions factories led to poor working conditions. 1917年—第一次世界大战期间，军需工厂工作的紧迫性导致了恶劣的工作条件。 The work of the “Health of Munitions Workers Committee” laid the ground for many subsequent practices in ergonomics, psychology, welfare and shift-work regimes. 军工工人健康委员会的工作是后期人体工程学、心理学、社会福利和轮班工作机制的鼻祖。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1920s-30s - Industrial hygiene develops and grows in the USA in both the Public Health Service (PHS) and large private companies. These developments lay the foundations for the creation of two professional organisations. 20世纪20-30年代——职业卫生开始在美国的公共卫生服务（PHS）和大型民营企业中出现并发展。这些是两大专业组织设立的基础。 1938/9 - The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) were formed. The first independent professional organisations for industrial/occupational hygienists . IH numbers in USA grow rapidly during WWII to assist the war effort. 1938/9——美国政府工业卫生学家会议（ACGIH）和美国工业卫生协会（AIHA）成立，是最早的两家工业/职业卫生师独立专业机构。二战期间，为了帮助战争，工业卫生师迅速成长。 1953 - British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) founded. Society starts publishing Annals of Occupational Hygiene in 1958. 1953 ——英国职业卫生学会（BOHS）成立。协会于1958年开始出版职业卫生纪事。 1960s - Occupational Safety and Health Act in the USA and the Health and Safety at Work Act in the UK lay the path for Risk Assessment / performance based legislation. 20世纪60年代——美国《职业安全与健康法》和英国《劳动健康与安全法》，奠定了基于风险评估/绩效立法的基础。

History of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的历史 1970s - Occupational Safety and Health Act in the USA and the Health and Safety at Work Act in the UK lay the path for Risk Assessment / performance based legislation. 20世纪70年代—美国颁布《职业安全与健康法》，英国颁布《劳动健康与安全法》，奠定了基于风险评估/绩效立法的基础。 1980/90s - The practice of occupational hygiene grows widely in the USA, UK, The Netherlands and Australia with legislation in these countries being introduced specifically to focus on chemical and physical hazards. 20世纪80/90年代—美国、英国、荷兰和澳大利亚开始进行大规模实施职业卫生，并制定了重点关注化学和物理危害的立法。 2000s - The societies of 25 different countries are members of the International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA). 2000—25个不同国家的学会组成国际职业卫生协会（IOHA）的成员。 Industrialisation in countries such as China and India increase the need for Occupational hygiene. 中国、印度等工业化国家加大了对职业卫生的需求。 The development of modelling techniques for assessing exposure. 开发了评估风险的建模技术。

The Importance of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的重要性 The World Health Organisation estimates that globally there are: 据世界卫生组织预估，全球有： 2,000,000 work-related deaths per year. 每年有2,000,000人死于工伤。 386,000 deaths each year from exposure to airborne particulates. 每年有386,000因暴露在大气颗粒污染物环境而死亡。 152,000 deaths per year from carcinogens in the workplace. 每年有152,000人因工作场所致癌物质死亡。 37% of Lower Back Pain is attributed to occupation. 37%的下背疼痛因工作所致。

The Importance of Occupational Hygiene 职业卫生的重要性 That means approximately 228 people have died from work related injury or ill health since we started an hour ago. 也就是说，在过去一小时内，大约有228人死于工伤或健康受损。