轉殖動物管理規範與個體複製 2012/11/09 1

1. 基因轉殖動物管理要點 2. 基因轉殖動物轉讓注意要點 3. 基因轉殖動物之實驗後處理 2

 安全度評估與防護  飼養環境  飼養紀錄與識別  飼養區之防蟲處理  遺傳監測  基因轉殖飼養區標示  基因轉殖飼養區之特殊裝置 - 防逃之裝置 - 天然災害防治措施 3

 堅固容器並有明顯標示  動物之微生物狀況及引進基因資料應明確 說明  需雙方「動物實驗管理小組」同意 4

 廢棄物處理  動物處理  動物保留之程序及作法 5

 病原性  毒素產生性  致癌性  傳播性 6

 高危險性 1. 個體鑑別 2. 傳染原 3. 排泄物  低危險性 1. 防止動物逃亡 2. 隔版裝置 3. 專用飼育室與實驗室 7

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 Cloning  Embryonic Stem cells  Adult Stem cells 9

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12 NEJM 2003;349:280

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(Roslin Institute

15 (Roslin Institute

 Usually fails (requires many oocytes)  Faulty genetic reprogramming of cell (born clones have obvious or subtle abnormalities)  Issue of mitochondrial DNA (not a perfect match-some mitochondrial DNA comes from mother or oocyte) 16

 Fundamental obstacle to cloning of primate cells  It is almost as if someone “drew a sharp line between old world primates-including people-and other animals saying, ‘I’ll let you clone cattle, mice, sheep, even rabbits and cats, but monkeys and humans require something more.’”- Gerald Schatten, Univ Pittsburgh 17

18 Simerly et al Science 2003;300:297; Science 2003; 300:225

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 Only 2–5% of cloned animal embryos grow into healthy offspring.  Eggs aren’t always easy to obtain, especially for monkeys and humans.  The field is moving in this direction, trying to find ways to reprogramme cells without using eggs. 23

24 Today, the arguments have switched focus to stem cells, and the research itself is beginning to change tack.

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27 Plasticity of hematopoietic bone marrow cells Stem cell plasticity of mesenchymal bone marrow cells Plasticity of skeletal muscle cells Plasticity of neural cells Plasticity of other tissues

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30  A ready supply of well-characterized ‘pluripotent’ adult stem cells will be required.  The major advantages of adult stem cells is that they might be harvested from the patient and avoid unwanted immune responses.  The mechanism(s) underlying a variety of degenerative disorders are currently not known.  Therapy might not be available in a timely manner to correct acute injuries.

31  The field of stem cell plasticity is in its infancy.  Pluripotency exists or can be re-induced is not yet conclusive.  Single cells derived from adult tissue differentiate into multiple lineages characterized not only based on phenotype but also on function and support robust, sustained and functional multilineage engraftment in vivo.

 Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi from Kyoto University in Japan used a cocktail of proteins to turn adult mouse cells into more flexible cells that behave a lot like stem cells.  (K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka Cell 126, 663– 676; 2006) 32

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36 Cell 132, 567–582, February 22, 2008

37 Cell 132, 567–582, February 22, 2008

38 EMBO reports VOL 10 | NO 7 | 2009

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 Cloning  Embryonic Stem cells  Adult Stem cells 40