U.S. Experience in Land Administration 土地管理上的美国经验 Law in practice Law on the books 法律实践 书本上的法律
Property and the social contract 财产和社会契约 Creating a new country建立新国度 On what basis基础为何? The ideas being debated at the time当时论辩的思想 Adam Smith 1776亚当斯密 John Locke 1632 – 1704: Natural Rights约翰·洛克:自然权利 Rousseau 1712 – 1778 Social Contract卢梭:社会契约论 Hume 1711 – 1776 Scottish Enlightenment休谟:苏格兰启蒙 Why have a country为什么要有国家 How to protect property如何保护财产 Police power of the state国家的警察权 Building the necessary institutions建立必要的制度 Property财产 Taxation税收 Army军队 Local Government地方政府
What is where and where is what Importance of Land Surveying 土地调查的重要性 George Washington乔治·华盛顿 Clear property records清楚的财产记录 Maps地图 Taxes and local government税收和地方政府 Fifth Amendment: takings clause 第五修正案:征收条款 Magna Carta 1215英国大宪章 private property shall not be taken without just compensation.不得在无合理补偿情况下征收 私有财产 Need for eminent domain征用权之必要 We won the war我们赢得了战争 George Washington as a young surveyor
Northwest Territory西北部地区 1787 Northwest Territory declared part of US Northwest of the Ohio River俄亥俄河西北部 Northwest Ordinance1787年西北地区法令 Land England had set aside for Indians留给印第安 人的地区 Land Hunger对土地的渴求 Multiple dimensions多维度 Emigrants and land移民和土地 Speculation投机 Role in US personalities to this day直至今日在美国人 格中的角色 Frontiersmen边疆人 Escape/independence from authority从权威的逃离/独立
Land ordinance of 1785年土地法令 Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊 Controlled and planned westward expansion 有控制有计划的向西扩张 Townships to be essentially square surveys 对乡镇主要进行平方测绘 Scientific surveying科学测绘 Townships: one square mile (2.59 km²) 乡镇:一平方英里(2.59 km²) later counties and states然后对县和州进行测绘 The model for the settling of the West.西部安排的模式 Section: 640 Acres (258 hectares) 每个Section是一英里宽的土地 Homestead: Quarter section 160 acres(64ha) 宅地:是一个Section的四分之一 Further subdivided into lots进一步分为很多地块 Designated lots set aside for schools, etc. 有些地块为学校等专门划出
Land sales as a major source of government income 土地出售是政府收入的一个主要来源 Raising funds筹措资金 Social experiment社会试验 To create a society of independent:创造一个独立人的社会 Farmers and business men农民和商人 A self policing society一个自我监督的社会 Schools on central number 16 lots 一个section的四分之一(也即16个地块)的地块的收益用于学校 Elect local government选举地方政府 Importance till today直到今日仍很重要
Public Land Survey System 公共土地丈量分配系统 Need for a quick and scientific system需要快而科学的系 统 Square/rectangular parcels方形矩形的地块 Principal Meridian (North – South) and Base line 主子午线(南北)和基线 Hopefully about the center of the new territory希望正好是新疆土的中 心 Minnesota based on the 4th Principle Meridian (1831) 明尼苏达州给予第四条主子午线 Today Bureau of land management今日土地管理局 Role of the private sector私营部门的角色 Gunter’s chain (66ft)冈特氏测链(长66英尺,用于丈量长度) Decentralized 分散的 Some local variation possible一些本地的可能选项 Historical land grants历史土地赠予 Spanish西班牙人 French法国
Role in dispute resolution 在解决争端中的角色 Survey and resurvey common for almost every project 在几乎每个项目中出现的丈量和再丈量 E.g., I want to put in a fence, my neighbors will ask for a survey比如,我想树篱笆,我的邻居则会要求进行丈量 If the original survey markers are missing, new ones established from the surveyor’s notes on file at each county’ s courthouse.如果原来的界石不见了,则需要依 据每个县记录在案的丈量记录。 Land disputes do happen, but most deal with inheritance, value and contract. 土地争端确实会发生,但很多争端都与继承,土地 价值和地契有关。 Role of good contract law好的合同法的重要性 Jim Hansen and sculpture on a building Key role of property assessors (land valuers, land economists) 地产评估员的关键角色(土地估价员,土地经济学家)
Homestead Act宅地法 1862, Lincoln Administration 林肯政府 Moving west.西进 A quarter section, 160 acres (65 Ha.)四分之一个 Section 640 acres in rangeland牧场 Immigration and land holding移民和拥有土地 Land holding and ideas on citizenship 拥有土 地和公民身份的关系 Contained in the value of land包含在土地价值中 Property财产 Community membership社区成员身份 Increased civil rights, etc.不断增加的公民权利等 Speculation: an untold story 投机:一个没人谈起的故事
Filling the continent填充北美洲 Louisiana Purchase 路易斯安那购地案 Texas德克萨斯 Oregon Territory 俄勒冈领地 California 加利福尼亚
Zoning and planning分区和规划 New York City 1916年的纽约市 Response to public concern 对公众关切的回应 Euclid Village (Ohio) v. Ambler realty co. 1926 俄亥俄州Euclid村与Ambler房地产公司(1926) 的案例 Upheld the right to planning by local government支持 当地政府的规划权 Euclid wanted to preserve character Euclid村想保持特色 Cleveland expanding industry 克利夫兰市想扩大产业 Ambler maintained that this reduced their property value Ambler认为这会降低他们的房地产价值 62 acre (28Ha.) for industrial dev. 用于工业开发
Preserving a natural heritage 保护自然遗产 National Parks and land “..held for public use, resort, and recreation...inalienable for all time.” 1864年国家公园和 “用于公共用途,景区和休闲” 的土地“永远不可换做他用” National Park Service 1916美国 国家公园管理局 Environmental Protection Agency 美国国家环境保护局 December 1970年12月 Yosemite National Park
Emerging problems/conundrums concerning land administration in the US 美国土地管理中开始出现的问题/难题 Approach recently offered by Harvey Jacobs (U. Wisconsin) 最近由Harvey Jacobs (U. Wisconsin)提出的方法 Land as an inalienable property土地是不可剥夺的财产 Land as a social responsibility土地是一种社会责任 Does the environment have rights?环境是否有权利? Is environmental protection a form of taking?环境保护是否也是剥夺 土地的一种形式? Oregon Measure 37 (2004)俄勒冈37号提案 Amended by 2007年修正案
Property is always changing to reflect how it is used Real estate practices are always ahead of the law房地产实践总是走在法律 前面 Property is created, not given财产是 被创造出来的,而不是给予的 Hence it has its content and capacity in response to people’s vision of the kind of future they want.因此,财产 的内涵和功能由人们对他们未来的 想象所决定。 We are in a transition period.我们正 处在一个过渡时期。 Two views of Oregon俄勒冈两番景象