Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Secessionism Aestheticism Symbolism Post-Impressionism Modernism Fauvism Primitivism Expressionism Ch. 19 觀察與想像 信奉天主教的歐洲國家 十七世紀前半葉 Ch. 20 自然之鏡 十七世紀的荷蘭 Ch. 21 威力與榮光 (一)義大利 十七世紀晚期和十八世紀 Ch. 22 威力與榮光 (二)法蘭西、日耳曼與奧地利 十七世紀晚期和十八世紀 Ch. 23 理性的時代 英格蘭與法蘭西 十八世紀 Ch. 24 傳統的打破 英格蘭、美國與法蘭西 十八世紀晚期和十九世紀早期 藝術概論 Week 12 Iris Tuan
Impressionism Originated in France 1860-1900 Evoke strong but subtle, perceptual impressions of sunlight, color and shadow Rejected Academic conventions Not interested in telling stories and painting morals The sensations of light, color and movement
Dance at le Moulin de la Galette, Montmartre, 1876, AUGUSTE RENOIR
Rouen Cathedral. Harmony in Blue, 1893, CLAUDE MONET
Neo-Impressionism A distinct group within the Impressionist movement Connecting corridor between the two larger movements of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism Less concerned with painting spontaneously and more interested in the preparatory and technical aspects of design and color form
Neo-Impressionism Less interested in evoking spontaneity and movement Seurat labored intensively on preparatory studies for up to a year before beginning to work on the final painting The only artists to develop working methods “organizing” the color on his canvas Pointillism and Divisionism are the most significant of these theory based methods
Bathers at Asnieres, 1884, GEORGES SEURAT THIS SIMPLE MOMENT OF LEISURE CAPTURED IN SHIMMERING PAINT DISGUISES THE ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF LABOUR THAT MADE IT POSSIBLE
The little Country Maid, 1882, CAMILLE PISSARRO
Secessionism In Germany and Austria, the artists who broke with the traditions of the art Academies at the end of the 19th century Secession artists wanted independent exhibitions Three most significant Secessions: Munich, Berlin and Vienna
Secessionism Although the Munich Secession showed some avant-grade work it also included a large amount of Naturalistic and Impressionistic painting and was not strongly associated with the period’s most experimental artists The Berlin Secession was formed in 1898 and quickly established itself as the voice of opposition to the conservatism of Berlin’s tradition of Academic painting
Secessionism The Vienna Secession was founded by Gustav Klimt in 1897 The most distinctive work of this group of painters combined a flat, decorative style with subtle, often strong, use of color
The Kiss, 1907-8, GUSTAV KLIMT The ideal, the decorative and the ritualistic are key features which distinguish Viennese Secessionism from the other main Secessionist groups.
Aestheticism Initially a 19th century literary movement led by writers like Oscar Wilde and Joris Karl Huysmans Aestheticism soon found advocates among artists who wanted to liberate art from morality, politics and social purpose
Aestheticism From which Symbolism developed ‘Art for art’s sake’ Provoke a complex and highly nuanced assortment of sensuous and intellectual responses in the viewer
Aestheticism The work as art object was more important than the subject of the painting Demanded that the viewer have sufficient ‘disinterest’ or detachment, to distinguish between feelings Aestheticism’s insistence on art’s independence from life and their scorn for the bourgeoisie
Nocturne: Black and Gold - The Fire Wheel, 1875, JAMES ABBOTT MCNEILL WHISTLER
A Sleeping Girl, c.1875, ALBERT MOORE
Symbolism Symbolism emerged in the 1880s and was eclipsed by the rise of Modernism Symbolist art subverted bourgeois conventions and emphasized disturbing and disturbed states of mind Influenced by spiritualism, anarchism and socialism
Symbolism Against the 19th century’s belief: science and technology Explored what these left out: the life of the spirit, the mysterious, uncanny, the unknown or the unspeakable Suggestive of another reality
Symbolism Gauguin emphasized that the emotional response to art is more important than the intellectual. The artist must paint on the basis of his intuition and imagination rather than observation and description Melancholy, sexuality and disturbance are central to Symbolism
Green Death, C.1905, ODILON REDON
The Storm, 1893, EDVARD MUNCH
Post-Impressionism Very broad term used to cover much art produced between the 1880s and the early 20th century The most significant artists: Gauguin, Cezanne and Van Gogh The English critic Roger Fry for his exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists in London
Post-Impressionism Manet asserted his freedom to break with tradition in pursuit of his own vision Rejecting most bourgeois standards of taste Focus on design and structure and a refusal to imitate nature or moralise through narrative subjects
Post-Impressionism Emphasis on form recovered the significance of art’s symbolic, spiritual and emotional meaning Cezanne approached his painting as something which had to be designed and given a shape Gauguin structured his works to convey what he thought was the spiritual truth of his subject matter
Mountains at Saint-Remy, 1889, VINCENT VAN GOGH
Still Life: Flask, Glass and Jug, c.1877, PAUL CEZANNE
Ch. 19 觀察與想像 信奉天主教的歐洲國家 十七世紀前半葉 「巴洛克」 建築— 波達設計:Il Gesa教堂 結合中世紀與文藝復興建築風格 普為全歐接受的新穎、簡單、巧妙之式樣 繪畫—對形式主義厭倦 卡拉西:聖母哀悼基督之死 強調「古典美」 卡拉瓦喬:多疑的聖托瑪斯 自然主義,脫離陳規、重新思考藝術
Ch. 19 觀察與想像 信奉天主教的歐洲國家 十七世紀前半葉 卡拉西學派 (or 新古典、學院派)— 雷涅:黎明女神奧羅拉 僕辛:「我,死之神,甚至君臨阿喀笛亞」 羅倫:風景(向阿波羅祭奉) 魯本斯:聖凱塞琳的訂婚式 魯本斯:小女孩頭像 魯本斯:自畫像 魯本斯:和平之幸福的寓言
Ch. 19 觀察與想像 信奉天主教的歐洲國家 十七世紀前半葉 范戴克:英格蘭王查理一世 范戴克:高雅的史都華和約翰貴族 維拉斯奎茲:賣水的老人 維拉斯奎茲:教皇英諾森十世 維拉斯奎茲:宮女 維拉斯奎茲:西班牙小王子肖像畫 以全心的眼光觀察自然、發現並享用色彩與光線之嶄新和諧,已經成為畫家的必要任務。
Ch. 20 自然之鏡 十七世紀的荷蘭 建築— 受天主教影響 偏愛冷靜嚴謹的建築、裝潢裡流露出輪廓簡單與裝飾貧乏的式樣。 凱本設計:皇宮(前市政廳) 繪畫— 肖像畫 (為了不觸犯宗教(新教)而興盛) 哈爾斯:聖喬治軍方官員的宴會 哈爾斯:布洛克先生肖像
Ch. 20 自然之鏡 十七世紀的荷蘭 專業化(專門繪魚的畫家、專門繪海景的畫家) 夫力格爾:河口景色 戈耶:河畔的風車 林布蘭特—荷蘭最偉大的畫家 肖像畫帶有生命感 林布蘭特:自畫像 林布蘭特:西克斯先生肖像 林布蘭特︰無善心的僕人之寓言故事 林布蘭特:大衛王與兒子亞沙龍的和解 林布蘭特:基督傳道
Ch. 20 自然之鏡 十七世紀的荷蘭 史汀:命名宴 路斯達爾:林野風光 卡爾夫:靜物 維梅爾:倒牛奶的廚婦
Ch. 21 威力與榮光 (一)義大利 十七世紀晚期和十八世紀 巴洛克風格更高度發展 波洛米尼與萊納狄設計:羅馬——教堂 超常的舞台化裝飾、重視表情強度、將觀者引向情緒的頂點 帕尼尼:少女胸像 帕尼尼:聖女泰瑞莎的幻象 高度戲劇性 高利:膜拜耶穌的聖名 蒂波洛:克利奧帕脫之宴 唯一的分支—威尼斯風景油畫與版畫 加爾第:威尼斯——鹹水湖風光
Ch. 22 威力與榮光 (二)法蘭西、日耳曼與奧地利 十七世紀晚期和十八世紀 凡爾賽宮(列梵和曼撒爾建造) 龐巨性、把龐大厚重的建築夠組成簡明清晰的幾個翼部 →西元1700,建築界最偉大的時期 改變許多歐洲城鎮與風景的面貌 維也納望樓(布德希蘭德設計) 日耳曼城堡 梅爾克修道院(皮蘭道爾設計) 華鐸:野宴圖 描繪遠離一切艱辛與瑣細事物的生活景象,一個夢樣的生活。
Ch. 23 理性的時代 英格蘭與法蘭西 十八世紀 新教派國家受巴洛克風格影響 倫敦聖保羅大教堂(列恩建造) 倫敦聖史蒂芬教堂的內部 (列恩建造) 鄉村別墅—「帕拉迪歐」風格 摒棄巴洛克浮華氣息 倫敦契斯維克大宅(巴靈頓和肯特設計) 斯都赫庭園
Ch. 23 理性的時代 英格蘭與法蘭西 十八世紀 繪畫— 理性與審美準則+清教徒對偶像與豪奢的敵意+外籍肖像藝術名畫家 →打擊英格蘭藝術傳統 霍加斯:淪落在瘋人院裡的浪蕩漢 藍諾茲:包爾斯小姐和他的狗 藍諾茲:巴雷提肖像 蓋茲波洛:哈維費爾德小姐肖像
Ch. 23 理性的時代 英格蘭與法蘭西 十八世紀 蓋茲波洛:鄉野景色 查丁:飯前感恩禱告 胡頓:福爾泰胸像 佛拉格納德:蒂弗利—別墅景觀
Ch. 24 傳統的打破 英格蘭、美國語法蘭西 十八世紀晚期和十九世紀早期 藝術家對「風格」的態度改變 建築師— 「為什麼一定只有帕拉迪歐風格?」 華波爾︰圖311 (哥德式別墅) 詹伯斯 (在客佑花園大造中國寺塔) 帕渥斯︰圖312 (模塑純愛奧尼亞式的希臘神殿) 索內:圖313(復興巴特農神殿的多利亞柱式) 傑弗遜:圖314(希臘式復興)
Ch. 24 傳統的打破 英格蘭、美國語法蘭西 十八世紀晚期和十九世紀早期 繪畫— 各地藝術家開始尋求新的題材類型、從事新實驗 柯普利:查理一世要求逮捕五名受彈劾的下議院議員 法國大革命→英雄事蹟題材繪畫 大衛:馬拉遇刺 (新古典派) 哥雅:露台群像 哥雅:西班牙王斐迪南七世肖像 哥雅:巨人 題材創新、但保留西班牙特有繪畫傳統
Ch. 24 傳統的打破 英格蘭、美國語法蘭西 十八世紀晚期和十九世紀早期 藝術家開始把私人夢幻注入畫面— 布雷克:先知歐羅帕,亙古常在者 不可思議的夢魘氣息、拒絕描畫自然 違抗既定傳統標準 風景畫— (因選擇題材的自由而助長) 泰納:迦太基建國 泰納:暴風雪中的汽船 康斯塔伯:研究樹幹的速寫 康斯塔伯:運乾草貨車 佛.雷德瑞克:西里西亞山區景色