EPILEPSY 赵迎春 教授
病因分类 特发性(原发性)癫痫及癫痫综合征 症状性癫痫及癫痫综合征 隐源性癫痫,即临床怀疑症状性癫痫,但未找到明确病因 状态关联性癫痫发作(如高热、睡眠剥夺等)通常不诊断为癫痫
国际抗癫痫联盟(1981)痫性发作分类 部分性发作 局部其始 ⑴单纯性: 无意识障碍,可分运动、体感或特殊感觉、自主神经和精神症状 ⑵复杂性:有意识障碍 ⑶继发泛化: 全面性发作 双侧对称性发作,有意识障碍,包括失神、肌阵孪、强直-阵孪、阵孪、失张力发作 不能分类的癫痫发作
病因及影响发作因素 遗传因素 离子通道蛋白,突变受体通道钙离子内流减少,导致突触前末梢释放抑制性神经递质GABA减少,突触抑制功能降低而引发癫痫发作 脑损伤如细胞膜结构缺损、抑制性神经元功能减退
影响发作因素 ①年龄:如婴儿痉挛症多在1周岁内起病,儿童失神癫痫多在6~7岁时起病 ②内分泌:如少数病人仅在月经期或妊娠早期发作 ③睡眠:某些GTCS常在晨醒后发生, ④缺睡、疲劳、饥饿、便密、饮酒、感情冲突和一过性代谢紊乱等都能诱发,过度换气对失神发作、闪光对肌阵挛发作有诱发作用
Partial seizures (Focal epilepsy) Simple partial seizures(consciousness not impaired) With motor symptoms, Jacksonian march, Todd’s paralysis With somatosensory or special symptoms With autonomic symptoms With psychic symptoms
Complex partial seizures (Temporal lobe epilepsy,Psychomotor seizures) Epigastric sensation fear ,cognitive,hallucination Loss of memory during the attack Strong and prolonged feeling of the place, face,have all happen before Diminished contact with the environment Repetitive utterances Lip-smacking,Sniffing movement
Absence seizures (Petit mal) Whole attack lasts less than 10 seconds Young person Sudden onset,sudden end,switch-like Unaware,still ,staring May occur several times a day
EEG of Petil mal
EEG of Petit mal
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure(Grand mal) No warning Tonic phase Clonic phase Coma Confusion,headache Hour Possibility of sore tongue or lip,aching limbs,
Tonic of Grand mal Usually less than 1min Loss of consciousness Tonic contraction of all muscles No breathing…cyanosis A cry ,a fall,stiffen Pupil
Clonic of Grand mal Several min Still unconsis Convulsive movement Self –injure,incontinence of urine Irregular breathing…,cyanosis
EEG of GTCS
EEG of EP
Coma of Grand mal Several min Still unconscious Flaccid paralysis of all limbs Regular breathing Colour improve
EEG of GTCS
ON THE SPOT GTCS !
A Man With Epilepsy
AID DIAGNOSIS EEG(ECG EKG EMG EOG EGG) CT MRI PET CSF SPECT
Diagnosis Clinical history and the important of a good witness’s account EEG Epilepsy YES or NO? Establishing the cause of epilepsy? Classification of epilepsy?
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Syncope 晕厥 postural syncope,vasovagal syncope,micturition syncope,cough syncope Non-epileptic (pseudo) seizures癔病性发作 Transient ischaemic attack(TIA) Hypogiycaemia 低血糖 Migraine 基底型偏头痛 Narcolepsy 发作性睡病
DRUG TREATMENT 偶发的或有明确诱因的发作应先观察,寻找和去除诱因 提倡单药治疗 单药治疗无效或欠佳可换药或加用第二种药物。 采取个体化治疗 长期用药,2~3年后才考虑减量停药,症状性或隐源性癫痫需更长时间治疗,甚至终身服药 停药应缓慢、逐渐减量(半年至一年) 换药时新选用药物达到有效控制发作剂量后,原有药物才逐渐减量至停药。
根据发作类型选择药物 全面性发作可考据选用苯妥因钠,卡马西平,苯巴比妥,丙戊酸、拉莫三嗪等 单纯部分性发作可选用苯妥因钠,卡马西平、托吡脂(妥泰)等 复杂部分性发作可选用卡马西平 失神发作 丙戊酸钠(VPA)
常用的抗癫痫药(AEDs) 苯妥英钠(PHT):对GTCS和部分性发作有效,可加重失神和肌阵挛发作 卡马西平(CBZ):是部分性发作首选药物,复杂部分性发作疗效优于其他AEDs 丙戊酸钠(VPA):是一种广谱抗癫痫药,是全面性发作,如失神发作、GTCS合并失神首选药,也用于部分性发作 托吡脂(TPM):新型AEDs,为天然单糖基右旋果糖硫代物,对难治性部分性发作、继发GTCS
Side effect of AED 卡马西平、拉莫三嗪所致皮疹 丙戊酸、卡马西平所致肝损伤、血小板减少等 苯妥英钠所致神经系统损害,齿龈增生,共济失调 苯巴比妥所致智能、行为改变等 必要时行血药浓度检测
Status Epilepticus 癫痫持续状态 In this condition seizures fail to cease spontanously or recur so frequently that full conscious is not restored between successive eoisode.It is medical emergency because it can lead to permanent brain damage,circulation collapse,hyperpyrexia.
癫痫持续状态的治疗 地西泮(安定):首选药。成人剂量10~20mg ,以每分钟3~5mg 速度静脉推注 快速有效地控制发作,保持呼吸道通畅,纠正酸、碱平衡紊乱等 地西泮(安定):首选药。成人剂量10~20mg ,以每分钟3~5mg 速度静脉推注 10%水合氯醛:成人25~30ml保留灌肠 氯硝西泮:药效是地西泮的5倍,成人首次剂量3mg静脉注射 利多卡因:2~4mg/kg加入10%葡萄糖内,以50mg/h速度静脉滴注, 鲁米那 0.2 肌注
Good bye!