第7讲 动 词
1 动词在句中充当什么成分? 翻译下列句子,找出句子的谓语 1. We are proud of being Chinese. 2. The flower smells sweet. 我们为是中国人而自豪。谓语为are proud。 这花闻起来很香。谓语为smells。
1 3. Just sit back and wait for good news. 4. To our surprise, the stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother's. 5. Who can blow out all the candles in one breath? 轻松等待好消息吧。谓语为 sit and wait。 使我感到吃惊的是,这个陌生人竟然是我妈妈的一个朋友。谓语为 turned out。 谁能一口气吹灭所有蜡烛? 谓语为blow out。
1 不吸烟者有可能寿命长一些。从句谓语为 don't smoke;主句谓语为live。 6. Those who don't smoke may to live longer. 不吸烟者有可能寿命长一些。从句谓语为 don't smoke;主句谓语为live。
1 动词在句中充当谓语。
2 动词有哪些类别? 翻译下列句子,比较句子中画线动词的区别,总结动词的类别 1. I speak Chinese and English as well. 2. Do you like singing English songs? 我讲汉语也讲英语。 speak:实义动词。 你喜欢唱英语歌曲吗?do:助动词。
2 4. No matter where we are,_we should keep in mind our motherland. 3. I'll do what I can to help her. 4. No matter where we are,_we should keep in mind our motherland. 我会尽力帮助她。can:情态动词。 无论我们身在何方,我们应该心系祖国。are:连系动词。
2 动词包括四类:实义动词、情态动词、助动词、连系动词。 其中除实义动词外, 其余的几类不能单独构成谓语。 1.根据不同的划分标准,实义动词可细分为: (1)根据是否接宾语,可以分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语); (2)根据是否有动作感,可以分为状态动词(相对静止)和动作动词;
2 (3)根据动作或状态是否延续,可以分为延续性动词和短暂性动词; (4)根据动作所处的阶段,可以分为过程动词和结果动词; (5)根据具体词义,还可划分更细类别,如: ①表达心理活动的动词,叫作心理动词; ②表达五官感觉的动词叫感官动词;
2 ③表达“使,让”的动词叫使役动词。 2.情态动词主要有:can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will,would,ought to,used to,have to, would rather,had better,need,dare。 3.助动词主要有: (1)进行时或被动态中的be(am,is,are/was,were); (2)疑问句中的do(does,did);
2 (3)完成时中的have,has,had; (4)将来时中的will,would,shall,should(有时模糊地全划到情态动词)。 4.连系动词可以分为连系动词be (“是”的意思)和半系动词(既可以作连系动词又可以作实义动词)。其中半系动词可进一步分为: (1)表示感官: feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound,smell;
2 (2)表示变化:turn, go, become, fall, grow,come,get; (3)表示持续:remain, keep, stay; (4)表示证明:prove,turn out。
3 实义动词单数,过去式/过去分词,现在分词/动名词形式有哪些变化规律? 1.写出下列动词的单数形式,并总结变化规律 (1) do, fix, pass, push, teach (2) try, study,fry, rely (3) help, read, start, like (1) does; fixes; passes; pushes; teaches (2) tries; studies;fries; relies (3) helps; reads; starts; likes
3 (1) love, serve, stare, glare (2) study, try, dry, cry 2.写出下列动词的过去式/过去分词形式,并总结变化规律 (1) love, serve, stare, glare (2) study, try, dry, cry (3) stop, drop, fit, clap (1) loved; served; stared; glared (2) studied; tried; dried; cried (3) stopped; dropped; fitted; clapped
3 (1) write,dance, come, decline (2) begin, swim, run, sit 3.写出下列动词的现在分词/动名词形式,并总结变化规律 (1) write,dance, come, decline (2) begin, swim, run, sit (3) die, lie (1) writing;dancing; coming; declining (2) beginning; swimming; running; sitting (3) dying; lying
3 动词的变化分规则变化和非规则变化,其中规则变化规律如下: 1. 动词单数形式规则变化规律: (1) 以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾的单词加es; (2) 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,改y为i加es; (3) 其他一般直接加s。
3 2.动词的过去式/过去分词形式规则变化规律: (1) 以e结尾的单词直接加d; (2) 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,改y为i加ed; 3.动词的现在分词/动名词形式规则变化规律: (1) 以e结尾的单词去e加ing;
3 (2) 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写该辅音字母,再加ing; (3) 其他直接加ing。 注意:无论元音字母还是辅音字母+y。其现在分词/动名词形式一律直接加ing。
4 动词在用法上有什么特点? 翻译下列句子,指出句中动词的特征 1. I went there the other day. 2. The library is being built. 我前几天去过那儿。went为陈述语气,主动态,过去时态。 图书馆正在修建。is being built为陈述语气,被动态,进行时。
4 3. Should you decide to go, I wouldn't say more. 4. The old man stood there,smoking. 5. The old man stood there and smoked. 如果你决定去,我就不多说。Should …decide为虚拟语气,主动态,将来时。 这个老人站在那儿,抽着烟。stood为陈述语气,主动态,过去时态。 这个老人站到那儿去抽烟。stood there and smoked为陈述语气,主动态,过去时态。
4 动词在用法上的特点: 1.动词的基本属性为时态,语态,语气。谓语动词在使用时离不开时态,语态,语气属性。2.一个句子只能有一个谓语动词,其余的动词应用非谓语形式。但是,如果采用连词,可以接多个谓语动词,作连动式处理。
5 动词与其宾语的搭配有什么规律? 指出下列动宾搭配中错误表达并加以改正 (1) work hard English (2) broaden our horizon 错 。正确为: work hard at English 对。开阔我们的视野
5 (3) bridge the gap (4) satisfy the needs 对 。架建桥梁、填补空白 (5) arouse the awareness (6) improve the mistake 对 。架建桥梁、填补空白 对 。 满足需要 对。 唤醒意识 错。正确为:correct the mistake
5 动词与宾语搭配规律: 一是语法正确,即不及物动词须借助介词才能接宾语; 二是动宾搭配的逻辑性正确,即动宾之间搭配的规范性,不能错位搭配。
6 怎样把握动词的用法? 翻译下列句子,指出不同语境下cover的含义 1. He tried to cover the truth but in vain. 2. If the pot catches fire, covering it with a piece of wet cloth helps. 他试图掩盖真相但徒劳无益。 cover:掩盖,隐瞒 假如锅子着火了,用湿布盖住锅子也许可以灭掉火。cover:罩住,盖住。
6 3. An average bus may cover 1,000 km a day if in good order. 4. A news reporter has to cover the event before the news is published. 哈利接着约翰停止的地方继续讲那个故事。take up:继续(中断的活),接下去。 (1)收发邮件占了他大部分时间。 (2)这张桌子占很多地方。 take up:占用(时间/空间)。
6 5. The insurance company covered all the loss of the fire.
6 动词的意思往往随着上下文意思的变化而变化。一词多义是动词的基本特点,也是动词学习的难点。
7 怎样把握短语动词的用法? 翻译下列句子,指出不同语境下短语动词take up的含义 1. She took up her bag and left. 2. He took up Spanish while in Spain. 她拿起她的手提包走了。 take up:拿起,举起。 当他在西班牙的时候,他开始学习西班牙语。take up: 开始做,从事,产生兴趣等,尤其指做以前从未做过的事,或作为消遣的方式。
7 3. Harry took up the tale where John had left off. 4. (1) Receiving and sending emails takes up most of his time. (2) The table takes up much space. 哈利接着约翰停止的地方继续讲那个故事。take up:继续(中断的活),接下去。 (1)收发邮件占了他大部分时间。 (2)这张桌子占很多地方。 take up:占用(时间/空间)。
7 5. Dry sands take up water. 干沙子吸收水分。take up:吸收(水分)。
7 短语动词在不同的语境中有不同的含义,因而在语境中体会,学习短语动词的用法是学好动词的重要方法,孤立地机械地背诵短语的含义只能事倍功半。
8 怎样把握动词词义区别? 选择单词用其适当形式填空 1. (1)__________ at the sky.Can you __________ anything moving? (look,see) (2)He __________ carefully but __________ nothing.(listen,hear) 2. (1)Please __________ your hand before asking the teacher questions. (2)The sun __________from the east. (rise, raise) see Look listened heard raise rises
8 3. I have__________ his invitation card but I won't __________ it.(accept,receive) 4. This kind of coat __________ me 300 yuan but he only __________ 200 on his (spend,cost). 5. (1) Our class______________ their class in the football match yesterday. (2) Which team__________ the gold medal at last?(beat,win,defeat) received accept cost spent beat/defeated won
8 6. The man who is__________ a black jacket is__________Jack. (wear/dress) 7. Please try to __________ him to give up his plan,though_________________ his doing so takes time.(advise,suggest) 8. (1) He was __________ with murder. (2) The manager __________ him of being too careless.(accuse,charge) wearing dressing advise advising /suggesting charged accused
8 9. (1) Three from seven __________ four. (2) If we take three from seven,four __________.(remain,leave) 10. (1) Policemen usually __________ guns with them. (2) Mum,please __________ me my ID card. I need it badly. (3) __________ an umbrella,in case of rain. leaves remains carry bring Take
8 (4) — Mike, Do you know where the nearest store is? — Yes.What can I do for you? — Please __________ some beer for me. (carry,take,bring, fetch) fetch
8 把握动词词义的区别主要考虑以下几个方面:动作与结果的区别:主观与客观的区别;主语的限定性(人还是物);宾语的限定性(人还是物);动作与状态的区别;及物与不及物的区别;短暂性与延续性的区别。在词义相同时,兼顾固定搭配。
9 常见短语动词构成形式? 翻译每组短语动词,指出短语动词的构成特点 1. (1)deal with (2)account for 处理 (3)apply for (4) look after (5) break into 处理 说明/解释 申请 照顾 闯入
9 赠送/泄露; 2. (1)give away 指出; (2) point out 脱(衣服),起飞; (3)take off 分发; (4) hand out (5) pick up 赠送/泄露; 指出; 脱(衣服),起飞; 分发; 捡起,接(人)
9 利用 3. (1) make use of 看到 (2)catch sight of 跟上,保持同一步调 (3)keep pace with (4)take part in (5)take advantage of 利用 看到 跟上,保持同一步调 参加
9 赶上 4. (1)catch up with 用完 (2)run out of 注意,小心 (3)watch out for 着手,开始 (4)get down to (5)look forward to 赶上 用完 注意,小心 着手,开始 希望
9 短语动词的构成方式主要有: 1.动词+ 介词;2. 动词+ 副词;3. 动词+名词+介词;4. 动词+ 副词+介词
10 考纲有哪些常见短语动词? 翻译下列短语动词 1. break (1) break away____________________ (2) break down____________________ (3) break into____________________ (4) break off____________________ (5) break out____________________ 摆脱;逃跑 (机器)出故障;中断;分解 闯入;打断;突然中断 中断;折断;突然停止 突然发生;爆发
10 突破;克服;挣脱而出 打碎;中断;分解 (6) break through ____________________ 突破;克服;挣脱而出 打碎;中断;分解 破门而入;打断(谈话);插嘴 10 (6) break through ____________________ (7) break up ____________________ (8) break in ____________________
10 2. bring (1) bring about 引起;造成 (2) bring down 使倒下;使下降;使受挫折 (3) bring forward (4) bring into operation (5) bring out (6) bring up (7) bring back (8) bring in 引起;造成 使倒下;使下降;使受挫折 提出;提前 实施;使生效 显示出来;出版;生产 提出;教育;培养;吐出 把……送回;使想起;恢复 引进;挣得 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 3. call (1) call for 需要;要求;邀请 (2) call off 取消;停止 (3) call on (4) call up (5) call at (6) call in (7) call back 需要;要求;邀请 取消;停止 拜访;看望;号召 打电话;使人想起;召集 访问 请来;召集 回电话;召回 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 4. come (1) come about 发生 (2) come across 偶遇;碰到;讲清楚 (3) come along (4) come into effect (5) come off (6) come on (7) come out (8) come round/around 发生 偶遇;碰到;讲清楚 进展;成功;一道走 生效 发生;举行;成功 快点;走吧;有进展 出来;结果是出版 再现;恢复知觉;改变看法 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 (9) come through 经历;获得成功 (10) come to (11) come up (12) come up to (13) come up against (14) come up with (15) come back (16) come true 经历;获得成功 苏醒;达到;总数为 发生;走上前去;(时间)快到 达到(高度、程度);符合 碰到(困难) 赶上;提出 回来;反驳 变为现实 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 5. cut (1) cut across 抄近道穿过;超越;遮住 (2) cut back 削减;终止;急忙返回 (3) cut down (4) cut in (5) cut off (6) cut out (7) cut short 抄近道穿过;超越;遮住 削减;终止;急忙返回 削减;减少 插嘴;打断;突然出来 切断;中断;隔绝 删掉;戒掉 中断;打断;缩短 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 6. carry (1) carry on 继续;坚持 (2) carry out 执行;实施 (3) carry through 继续;坚持 执行;实施 帮助渡过难关;完成;实现 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 7. die (1) die away 渐弱 (2) die down 熄灭;平静下来 (3) die of (4) die from (5) die out (6) be dying to do sth. 渐弱 熄灭;平静下来 因……(内因)死亡 因……(外部原因)死亡 灭绝;绝种 迫切想做某事 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 8. give (1) give away 赠送;颁发;泄露;告发;失去 (2) give out 分发;公布;公开; (3) give off (4) give up (5) give in 赠送;颁发;泄露;告发;失去 分发;公布;公开; 用完(vi.);耗尽(vi.) 发出;放出 放弃;自首; 将……交给某人(to sb.); 对某人不抱希望(on sb.) 屈服;投降;让步;上交;呈交 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 9. go (1) go along 进展;陪同前往 (2) go by (3) go down (4) go for (5) go in for (6) go into (7) go off 进展;陪同前往 时间过去;经过;遵守 下降;下沉;下跌 去;选择;想要;攻击(用语言) 从事;爱好;参加(选拔赛、考试等) 研究;调查,从事 离开;爆炸;食品变坏;断电;熄灭; (与 副词连用或用于疑问句)进行;发生 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
10 (8) go on (9) go out (10) go over (11) go through (12) go up 继续进行;发生;上场 离开;熄灭;过时 浏览;仔细查看;检查;审查 通过;经历(苦难);仔细检查 上升;增长;涨价 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 10. get (1) get through (2) get in (3) get over (4) get on (5) get round (6) get about (7) get across (8) get along/on (with) 浏览;翻阅;经历困难(痛苦);做完某事 收割;收获;收集;购买;买进;插话 克服;战胜;熬过;做完;结束;走完 继续;进行;上车 传播;散播;说服某人;回避;避开 四处走动;传开 传达;使……让人理解 进展;相处 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 (9) get down (10) get down to (11) get back (12) get out (13) get together ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ 记下;下来;下车;使……忧愁 (介词) 开始认真干 恢复;回来;收回 泄露;逃离 聚会;收集
10 11. hold (1) hold back 阻碍;阻止;控制;抑制; (2) hold up (3) hold out 4) hold off 阻碍;阻止;控制;抑制; 隐瞒;保留;犹豫不决 举起;抬起;拿起;支撑;耽搁; 使停顿;拦劫;抢劫;举出,提出 维持;坚持;伸出;拿出 拖延;延迟 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
10 12. keep (1) keep away(from (2) keep back (3) keep off (4) keep on (5) keep out (6) keep up (7) keep up with ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ 使远离 扣除,保留;隐瞒 避开;不接近 继续 挡在外边;(警示语)请勿靠近 保持,不低落;持续,继续 跟上
10 13. look (1) look after (2) look out (3) look back (4) look down on/upon (5) look for (6) look forward to (7) look in (8) look into ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 照顾;关心 看;当心;查阅;观察 回头看;回顾 轻视;看不起 寻找;寻求;期望 盼望;期待 顺便看望;顺便拜访 调查,深入了解
10 (9) look on (10) look over (11) look through (12) look up ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 观看; 旁观 翻阅;浏览 浏览;详细调查 查阅;查出
10 14. make (1) make for (2) make out (3) make up (4) make up for (5) make up of 向……前进,快速走向 理解,领悟;辨认出,写出 组成,占……比例;弥补,补偿;捏造 弥补,补偿 由……组成;包含有 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 15. pick (1) pick out (2) pick up 挑出;分辨出;区别出 拿起;捡起;收拾; 挑出;分辨出;区别出 拿起;捡起;收拾; 偶然获得,学会,接收(节目); (开车)去接;(顺便)捎带 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 16. put (1) put across (2) put aside (3) put away (4) put down (5) put forward (6) put in (7) put in for (8) put off 解释清楚;使人接受 放在一边;储存;保留 放好;收好 写下;记下;镇压 提出;推荐;把……提前 伸进;提出;提交;申请,请求 申请;正式要求 延期;推迟;关掉;阻止,妨碍 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 (9) put on (10) put out (11) put up (12) put up with (13) put through ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 穿上;戴上;上演;增加(体重) 熄灭;关灯;生产出,出版 举起;修建;提供,张贴 忍受;容忍 把电话)接通;做完; 向……传达,提出(to sb.)
10 17. send (1) send away (2) send for (3) send out (4) send up ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 送走;解雇 派人去请 发送;长出;发出(光、信号等) 上升;发射
10 18. set (1) set about (2) set apart (3) set aside (4) set back (5) set down (6) set off (7) set out 开始做,着手 使分离;使显得突出 留出;拨出 推迟,阻碍;使花费 记下,写下 动身出发;引起;使爆炸 动身出发;引起; 表示“着手做”时后跟动 词不定式 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 (8) set up ____________________ 建立;创立;引起
10 19. take (1) take after (2) take apart (3) take away (4) take down (5) take for (6) take in (7) take off (8) take on 与……相似 拆卸(机器) 拿走;使离开;消除(病痛等) 记下来;拆掉 (错)当作;(误)认为 吸收;接受;领会;欺骗 起飞;匆匆离去;脱下 呈现;采纳;承担,从事 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 (9) take one's time (10) take over (11) take to (12) take up ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 不要着急,慢慢地做 接收,接管,取代 喜欢;养成……的习惯 占据,占(时间、空间); 开始从事
10 20. turn (1) turn down (2) turn off (3) turn out (4) turn over (5) turn to (6) turn up 关小(音量),调暗(灯光),拒绝 关上/掉;转向;(使某人感到厌烦) 关(灯);制造;结果是;原来是;培养 (使)翻转/身;移交;周转;仔细考虑 求助于;(使)转向; (把注意力等)转向;翻书到 开大(音量);被发现,被找到; 到达;露面;调亮(灯光) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
10 短语动词数量繁多,以基本动词为线索,扩展短语动词,就能理清线索,且使短语动词识记变得容易。