教育部補助「行動寬頻尖端技術跨校教學聯盟第二期計畫 -- 行動寬頻網路與應用 -- 小細胞基站聯盟中心」 EPC核心網路系統設計 課程單元：行動通訊之演進 計畫主持人：許蒼嶺 (國立中山大學 電機工程學系) 授課教師：萬欽德 (國立高雄第一科技大學 電腦與通訊工程系)

Communications and Networks Communication Systems Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) (公用交換電話網路) Cellular Phones and Networks (行動電話通訊網路) Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet) (計算機網路) WPANs (Bluetooth, Zigbee and UWB) (無線個人網路) Radio and TV broadcasting (廣播與電視) Satellite Systems (衛星系統) Information Contents Voice, audio, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.

Wireless Communications and Networks: Service Integration Telephone-based Communications (real-time) Internet-based (store-and- forward) Speech Recognition Voice Mail Collaboration Email Messaging New-Generation Services Video-Conferencing Wireless Mobility Broadcasting

Information and Communications Services Reference: NTT DoCoMo

Cellular Scenario (Backbone Networks) Better QoS, scheduling Better Mobility within the cellular network Integrated voice/data Authentication Downside is excessive edge network delays, costs of network deployment.

行動通訊系統之演進

第一代 (1G , First Generation) 蜂巢式行動通訊系統達成射頻通道之再使用 (frequency reuse) 早期的類比通訊系統 美國：AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System) 英國：Total Access Communication System(TACS) 北歐：Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) 採用類比式FM調變方式 採用FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access)多重存取方 式 以語音通訊為主，無法支援數據通訊服務

第二代 (2G , Second Generation) 2G主要分為 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 與 IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) GSM 行動通訊系統特點： (1) 全數位式 (4) 客戶識別 (SIM) (2) 細胞式 (cellular) (5) 保密通訊 (3) TDMA / FDMA (6) 國際漫遊 (roaming)

第二代 (2G , Second Generation)(Cont.) MSC : Mobile-service Switching Center BSC : Base Station Controller AUC : Authentication Center BTS : Base Transceiver Station HLR : Home Location Register VLR : Visitor Location Register EIR : Equipment Identity Register PSTN: Public Switching Telephone Network SGSN：Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN：Gateway GPRS Support Node https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F#/media/File:Gsm_network.png

第二代 (2G , Second Generation)(Cont.) 2.5G，GPRS(General Packet Radio Service): HSCSD (High Speed Circuit-Switched Data)：採用電路交換， 加強GSM並將資料速率增加至115Kbps，使用TDMA存取技術 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) ：採用封包交換，加強 GSM並將資料速率增加至168Kbps，使用TDMA存取技術 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution)：資料速率為 384Kbps GPRS 為手機提供新的數據加值服務(new non-voice value added service) 。如 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), email, telnet, web browsing, chat等。

第二代 (2G , Second Generation)(Cont.) GPRS 採分封交換(packet switching)，以多時槽(time slot) 傳送封包，較經濟有效。數據率可為 14.4 kbps (1 time slot) 到115.2 kbps (8 time slots) 。 因GPRS 與 GSM 共用實體通道，故實務上 8 個全分配 給 GPRS 之機率不高。以 3 個time slot分配給 GPRS 估 算，數據率為 43.2 kbps。 GSM 之數據率為9.6 kbps，而短訊 (Short Message Service) 長160 characters。 手機可經由 GSM + GPRS 連上 Internet 或 Intranet。 GPRS 為手機提供遠端存取與控制智慧型家電。

2G Network Architecture

2G and 3G Network Architecture

第三代 (3G , Third Generation) WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)：標準頻寬為 5MHz。UTRAN系統就是使用WCDMA，其以GSM MAP網路為 基礎。 進階的TDMA (Advanced Time division multiple access) ：UWC- 136被採用，則也僅限北美地區使用 混合式的CDMA/TDMA (Hybrid CDMA/TDMA)：與UTRAN的 TDD模式相同 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)：因為功率上 的問題，而未成為IMT-2000選擇的規格所採用之技術 IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)：為所 有3G系統的總括規格

Growing Mobile Data Traffic Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially, caused by mobile internet offerings and improved user experience with new device types. LTE perspective Long term evolution perspective for 2G and 3G networks based on WCDMA/HSDPA, GSM/EDGE, TD-SCDMA, and CDMA2000 technologies.

Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

Review of Data Rates improved by 3GPP

Consideration for LTE Definition began: Nov. 2004 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) began a project to define the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology Considerations: Higher performance Backwards compatible Wide applications 第三代合作夥伴計劃（英語：3rd Generation Partnership Project，即3GPP）是一個成立於1998年12月的標準化機構。目前其成員包括歐洲的ETSI、日本的ARIB和TTC、中國的CCSA、韓國的TTA和北美洲的ATIS。

Requirements and Expectations for LTE Only Packet Switched Services Data Rate Latency Bandwidth Interworking Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) Duplex modes Quality of Service Modulation Technologies

Long Term Evolution (LTE) LTE starts from 3GPP release 8 (Nov. 2008) LTE Advanced (LTE-A) starts from 3GPP release 10 (March 2011) LTE minimizes the number of network elements Optimized for Packet Switched (PS) services Can handle Circuit Switched (CS) services Support speech service using Voice over IP Support Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) for the transmission of mobile TV

Evolution of UMTS (Releases of LTE)

LTE World Map 537 commercial networks in 170 countries (Nov., 2016) Forecast 560+ operators by the end of 2016. 80 commercial LTE TDD networks are launched 254 (47%) commercial LTE networks have deployed LTE 1800 Source: GSA –Evolution to LTE report Nov., 2016

LTE Deployments Status GSA forecasts 560 commercial LTE networks in 170 countries by end of 2016 Source: GSA –Evolution to LTE report Oct., 2016

Spectrum for LTE Deployments LTE can be deployed in existing 2G or 3G bands, and in new spectrum such as 2.6 GHz and the Digital Dividend bands (700 or 800 MHz depending on the region). LTE deployments are typically in 700 MHz and existing AWS (1.7/2.1 GHz) spectrum in the USA. Commercial LTE800 services have been launched initially targeting rural broadband needs. The main capacity band in most regions is 2.6 GHz. There is high interest in using re-farmed 2G spectrum for LTE, especially 1800 MHz, and in a few cases 900 MHz, as most regulators now adopt a technology-neutral approach. Initial LTE FDD deployments in Japan use 800/850 MHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.7 GHz and 2.1 GHz (operator-dependant).

LTE Prime Spectrum Bands 2.6 GHz is new spectrum and the main LTE capacity. Digital Dividend is new spectrum for coverage Initial network launches are mainly LTE-FDD. The most common frequencies used for LTE: –700 MHz: band 13, band 17 –800 MHz: band 20 –1800 MHz: band 3 –2600 MHz: band 7 Source: 3GPP TS 36.104 V 10.6.0 (2012-03)

LTE User Devices Source: GSA GAMBoD-LTE, July, 2013

2G, 3G and 4G Network Architecture

Reference: Agilent Technologies Fall 2014

Wireless Communications Conditions Affecting Wireless Communications Fall 2014