Unit 20 Warming up

Findings (excavations) What are they doing? Dig up Unearth (excavate) Findings (excavations)

archaeology ancient The study of __________ civilizations by scientific analysis of physical remains found in the ground. Archaeology is a scientific study which shows us the route to the past. We can trace /keep a track of what is happening in the ancient times.

Roots of Chinese culture:Sanxingdui , located at Guanghan 40km from Chengdu, is recognized as the most important ancient remains of the Sichuan region for its vast size, long lasting period and enriched cultural contents Roots of Chinese culture:Sanxingdui It is located at Guanghan 40km from Chengdu,and it is recognized as the most important ancient remains of the Sichuan region for its vast size, long lasting period and enriched cultural contents . Jade and ivory

Yin ruins, the capital city of late Shang dynasty, is the first capital ruins having the historic record. bronze culture of China had reached its summit. Si Muwu square vessel-The Largest one of the World

The mysteries of Hemudu(2004-65) The beginning of civilization Hemudu village

What is the archaeologists main interest? Usually the physical remains can refer to __________,______________,________________,____________________,_________________…(a series of historical markers )

tools Farming tools --骨耜

Agriculture(farming) 6000 years ago, people there mastered the technique of growing rice.

A bone needle Stone axes

They made fine tools by rubbing. Making tools They made fine tools by rubbing.

Farm/feed/raise/keep livestock

The unearthed animal bones

artifacts/handicrafts A necklace made of shells, animal bones and stones

pottery

A simple shelter built at early times. Housing A simple shelter built at early times.

What does an archaeologist try to figure out from the remains? What can the remains tell us ?

Stone age(10,000—2000BC) food housing Home decoration tools artifacts Meat,fish(roasted or cooked),fruits,plants and maybe in the later stone age also grain and rice. housing Caves ,tents,huts wooden buildings Home decoration Wall paintings,animal skins,wove materials,objects made of jade Tools made of stones, wood,clay,bones,fishing nets, tools artifacts Stones,earth,simple jewellery made of animal teeth or bones entertainment Storytelling,singing,dancing around a fire

Bronze age(2000—250BC) food housing Home decoration tools artifacts Rice, staple food and vegetables from farms,meat from hunted and farm animals,fish,milk products housing Wooden buildings Home decoration Painted walls,pots,and containers made of clay or bronze,wooden furniture,woven mats Stone and wood,containers of pottery and bronze,weapons made of bronze tools artifacts Bronze objects,bones,stone objects,pottery and clay figures entertainment Storytelling,singing,dancing,music with musical instruments ,reciting portry,handcrafts

Han dynasty food housing Home decoration tools artifacts entertainment Fine foods of all varieties,wine housing Wooden buildings Home decoration Painted walls,pots,and containers made of clay or bronze,wooden furniture,woven mats,silk,and cloth All kinds of tools made of different metals,wood,glass or stone tools Clay figures,statues,woven clothof silk and other materials,gold,written bamboo texts,pottery artifacts entertainment Song and poetry,music with various instruments,hunting ,eating and drinking

Tang dynasty food housing Home decoration tools artifacts A choice of fine foods and wines housing Wooden and stone buildings Home decoration Painted walls,pots,and vases made of metal sculptures,furniture,woven mats,silk,and cloth All kinds of tools made of different materials tools Pottery,tools, jewellery,paper and silk materials,jade,gold metal objects artifacts entertainment Various forms of musical entertainment,reading,hunting,travel,etc

What good can archaeology bring to us? The exhibition attempt to give a display of content of relics. The heritages mean to deepen our understanding of their cultural value. Visitors are easily expected to enrich the knowledge of Chinese history as well as of national treasure of culture.

What should be our positive attitudes towards the national treasures no matter they are unearthed or still existing, natural or mad-made?

1.What is “Stonehenge”? Scan the text and find the answer. The King of Stonehenge 1.What is “Stonehenge”? Scan the text and find the answer.

(Para 6)History, building time, form, weight, mystery

Stonehenge – Forever a mystery There is nothing quite like Stonehenge anywhere in the world and for 5000 years it has drawn visitors to it.

No one really knows how or why Stonehenge was built No one really knows how or why Stonehenge was built. These circles of giant stones were placed in a grassy field in southern England nearly 5,000 years ago. Some believe that the rocks served as enormous (巨大的) sundials (日冕仪). Others think that people used them for religious purposes. Over time, the landscape around Stonehenge underwent substantial change and development.

What you see today is about half of the original monument, some of the stones have fallen down, others have been carried away to be used for building or to repair farm tracks and over centuries visitors have added their damage too.

Stonehenge was formerly owned by a local man, Sir Cecil Chubb, and he gave it to the nation in 1918 and it is now managed by English Heritage on behalf of the Government. In 1986, it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site.It is without doubt one of the finest prehistoric monuments in existence and an even more remarkable mystery.

According to the objects and their qualities found in the grave 2.For what reasons is the man in the grave called the king of Stonehenge?(king;male highest ruler esp. one whose position is passed on from parent According to the objects and their qualities found in the grave

cushion stone pot pin objects coat bow knife earrings arrows

bronze iron stone materials bone clay gold copper leather

By guessing,inferring and reasoning. 3.How do archaeologists determine=decide it was really the king’s grave? By guessing,inferring and reasoning. (In the text”probably,would,may,tend to,possible,perhaps…”)

4. Why and how was Stonehenge built 4.Why and how was Stonehenge built?Find the answers from the text or using your own imagination.

(mystery,face,history,material,bury,die,along,look,object) Fill in the blankets with words given: (mystery,face,history,material,bury,die,along,look,object) A man was found______in a grave with a long______.He was believed to_______at the age of 40. He lay on his left side_______northwards. ______with him there were a lot of precious_______, made of different_______,such as clay,copper, stone… He was_______on as the king of Stonehenge. The construction remained______. buried have died history Along facing objects materials looked mysterious

Roots of Chinese Culture 1) When talking about culture,what will you think of? culture 2) What is the definition of “root”? 3) What difference does it make?

Sanxingdui ruins site Jinsha ruins site Place Time Who Objects found Date back to Jinsha village near Chengdu, in southwest Sichuan province Today’s Nanxing Town February 8, 2001 Spring of 1929 Farmers working in the field Construction workers building roads Jade objects, bronze and gold masks, bronze objects and images, jade, ivory, etc Ivory, jade, gold, bronze, stone objects, animal bones, a gold mask, etc 3000 years ago(1000 BC) 5000 BC and 3000BC

What does the cong indicate about the trade link of this area? What do other relics indicate about the trade links between Sichuan and other areas? A cong (琮)

What’s the relationship between Sanxingdui and Jinsha according to the artefacts found there? Evidence: Many of the relics found at Jinsha look very much like those at Sanxingdui. Conclusion:

The bronze mask found in Sanxingdui The gold mask found in Jinsha

What’s the relationship between Sanxingdui and Jinsha according to the artefacts found there? Evidence: Many of the relics found at Jinsha look very much like those at Sanxingdui. Conclusion: Ancient Shu Kingdom moved from Sanxingdui to Jinsha 3000 years ago. Jinsha therefore became the new political and cultural centre of the kindom.

How did people react to the discoveries of these two ruins sites? Sanxingdui: local teachers and officials came to the site. The relics were owned by the farmers who discovered them. In 1953, they returned them to the state. Jinsha: Soon, the police arrived and closed the site.

Question: Important ruins sites are usually discovered by ordinary people working in the field, so it’s important to raise people’s awareness of protecting the cultural relics. Suppose you discovered some precious jade objects in the field, what action would you take?

河姆渡是怎样发现的 　　1973年，考古工作者在浙江余姚河姆渡发现了处于母系氏族公社繁荣阶段的典型文化遗址-河姆渡文化遗址。 这座遗址的发现，纯属偶然，是当地人民修建排涝工程时发现的。 　　河姆渡是河姆村和渡头村的合称，位于风景如画的四明山麓的宁绍平原，流经平原的姚江将河姆村与渡头村一分为二。1973年7月，红星大队接受了排涝站基础工程任务。因当时开镰割稻在即，工程日夜进行。开工后不久，发现地层下有些陶器碎片，再往下挖时，又陆续发现鹿角、象牙等物，这个情况引起人们的注意，逐级上报到有关部门。考古工作者很快赶到现场，经过考证，一处令世界震惊的古文化遗址得以确认。 　　河姆渡文化遗址约4万平方米，经过两次局部发掘，出土了大量文物，有许多重要发现。出土的骨、石、木、陶等文物达七千多件，许多文物，像象牙雕刻件、漆器、陶制艺术品，价值极高，堪称国宝。遗址中还有大量保存完好的稻谷和典型的木建筑房屋。这一切都说明，这里和黄河流域一样;也是我国古代文明的发源地。 　　河姆渡文化遗址的发现，引起世界的关注。近儿年来，己有二十多个国家、地区和联合国教科文组织的专家、官员前来考察。 　　1991年，国家决定在这里建立博物馆。经过几年努力，河姆渡遗址博物馆于 1993年5月12日落成并开放。 中共中央总书记、国家主席江泽民为博物馆题写了馆名。题字愿额长6·5米、高1·8米，悬挂在博物馆的正门上方。原全国人大常委会委员长乔石为博物馆题写了"河姆渡遗址的发现，揭开了中华古文明史新篇章"的题词。 　　目前，有关部门正准备对河姆渡遗址做第三次考古发掘，并准备在那里再建一座发掘现场的纪念馆和原始部落村。河姆渡遗址不仅将成为人们领路和研究我国南方史前文明的重要去处，而且还将成为我国南方一处风格独特的旅游胜地。