Contents Introduction to this course What is a computer Computer based information system

Objectives Explain the importance of learning computer and how to learn it. Define the term computer and identify the components of a computer (Describe the Von Neumann model). Describe hardware devices for input, processing, storage, output, and communication.

Objectives Differentiate between system software and application software. Describe the categories of computers and their uses. Explain the five parts of an information system.

Chapter 1 Introduction

part 1 INTRODUCTION TO THIS COURSE

Computer is everywhere Computers are affecting our lives and the whole society profoundly Without computers, the world won't go around

Why should we learn computer & how to learn it computer professional or computer user? A computer professional is a person who has a certain amount of experience and/or at least a two-year degree in the technical aspects of using computers. for example software programmer system analyst network administrator

Why should we learn computer & how to learn it computer professional or computer user? The user (or end-user) is a person without much technical knowledge of computers but who uses or wants to use computers to perform work-related or personal tasks, enhance learning and productivity, or have fun.

Why should we learn computer & how to learn it Why should I learn computer? work requirement improve life quality

Why should we learn computer & how to learn it different from learning mathematics use computer as much as possible read extensively

What will we learn in this course Introduction (2) Data Representation (4) Hardware (4) Software and OS (2) Algorithms and Programming Languages(2) Networks and Security (4) Software Engineering (2) Data Structures (2) Databases (2)

Hardware Software The Content Framework Introduction Data / Information Hardware Organization Networks Software Software Engineering Algorithms DS and DB

part 2 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Definition of computer A computer is an electronic device that receives data (input), processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output) .

Definition of computer A computer is a programmable data processor. A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data. Program (sorting) Input 8,12,22,3 Output 3,8,12,22

Computer hardware The electric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer is called hardware.

Computer hardware We can divide these devices into 4 basic categories: System unit Input/Output devices Secondary storage devices Communications devices

Computer hardware system unit Two important components of the system unit are the microprocessor and memory. The microprocessor controls and manipulates data to produce information. Memory, also known as primary storage or random access memory (RAM), holds data and program instructions for processing the data. It also holds the processed information before it is output.

Computer hardware Input/Output devices Input devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common devices are the keyboard and the mouse. Output devices translate the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand. The most common output devices are monitors and printers.

Computer hardware Secondary storage devices Unlike memory, secondary storage devices hold data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off. The most important kinds of secondary media are floppy, hard, and optical disks. Secondary storage devices: 辅助存储设备

Computer hardware Communications devices Communications hardware sends and receives data and programs from one computer or secondary storage device to another. Many computers use a modem to convert digital signals from one computer into analog signals that can travel over a telephone line and onto the Internet. that is, modem is used to communicate between different computers via telephone lines.

Von Neumann Model The model looks at the inside of a computer (black box) and defines how processing is done. It is based on 3 ideas. Idea 1: The model defines a computer as four subsystems: memory, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and input/output.

Von Neumann Model Idea 2: The program must be stored in memory. Idea 3: A program in the von Neumann model is made of a finite number of instructions. And the instructions are executed one after another (sequentially).

Computer software Software is the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want. In other words, Software is instructions issued to the computer so that specific tasks may be performed. There are two basic types of software： system software application software

Computer software System software System software is background software that helps the computer manage its own internal resources. The most important system software is the operating system, which interacts with the application software and the computer.

Computer software Application software Application software is the software we use everyday to perform certain task, such as word processing or data analysis. There are several kinds of application software almost everyone should learn, such as the browser . For the summary of the basic and advanced applications, see the following figure.

Computer software The relationship between software and hardware

Types of computers There are four types of computers: supercomputers mainframe computers minicomputers microcomputers

Types of computers Supercomputers Supercomputer is the most powerful type of computer. These machines are special, high-capacity computers used by very large organizations. For example, NASA uses supercomputers to track and control space explorations.

Types of computers Mainframe computers They are not as powerful as supercomputers, but they are also capable of great processing speeds and data storage. For example, insurance companies use mainframes to process information about millions of policyholders.

Types of computers minicomputers Minicomputers are desk-sized machines, which can be used by medium-sized companies or departments of large companies to do certain tasks. For example, production departments may use minicomputers to monitor certain manufacturing processes and assembly-line operations.

Types of computers microcomputers Although the least powerful, microcomputers are the most widely used and fastest-growing type of computer. Categories of microcomputers include desktop, notebook, and personal digital assistants(PDA).

Types of computers microcomputers Desktop computers are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet are too big to carry around .

Types of computers microcomputers Notebook are portable, they weigh 1 or several kilograms, and can be contained in a briefcase.

Types of computers microcomputers Personal digital assistants are also known as palmtop computers or handheld computers. They combine pen input, writing recognition, personal organizational tools, and communications capabilities in a very small package.

Types of computers microcomputers Set-top box.

Evolution of computers In 1951, the first computer was made available to the public, which marked the beginning of computer age. The modern age of computers span more than 50 years, which is typically broken down into five generations. First generation (1951-57) (Vacuum Tube Age) Second generation (1958-63) (Transistor Age) Third generation (1964-69) (Integrated Circuit Age) Fourth generation (1970-90) (Microprocessor Age) Fifth generation (1991-now) (Age of Connectivity)

What is the future? User Interface More friendly and natural interaction between human and computer < X-Files > < Matrix >

Artificial Intelligence Make the computer “ Look”, “Listen” and “Think”. “Look” Computer Vision; Image Processing…… “Listen” Speech Processing and Recognition…… “Think” Machine Learning; NLP……

Human augmentation (人体机能增进) 1人体机能增进（human augmentation）。根据Gartner预测，有两种新近崛起的趋势，2020年以后其市场规模将超过10亿美元。其一是人类机能增进（human augmentation），这种新技术可提升感知与体能表现，融为人体一部分的概念现也逐步实现，未来可望大幅改善人类生活。日本Cyberdyne公司已经研制出一种名为“Hal”的服装，就是类似的外骨骼。它可以帮助失去运动功能的人恢复运动能力，其主要原理就是先获得负责传递肢体运动信息的神经电信号，然后将其转化为服装的运动指令。此外，智慧型义肢及视觉增进装置也是其应用之一。

Quantum computing (量子计算机) 微型芯片极小，放在某人的大拇指上就像一个小点。但一段时间以来，科学家一直在努力将之变得更小，达到原子级。 这就是所谓的量子计算机，其数据处理速度能让如今最快的计算机相形见拙。

3D Bioprinting ( 3D生物打印 ) 2010年，美国生物技术公司Organovo开发出一款生物打印机，可利用患者自身细胞“打印”静脉。该3D生物打印机有两个打印头，一个放置最多达8万个人体细胞，被称为“生物墨”；另一个可打印“生物纸”。所谓生物纸其实主要成分是水的凝胶，可用作细胞生长的支架。2011年，哈佛大学医学院的研究人员通过新型自动化生物打印方法实现了胚胎干细胞的生物打印。

Automatic Content Recognition ( 自动内容识别) 一些新型创新企业正在专注于更为智能的电视机，在电视机内置入自动内容识别系统（ACR），让电视机不再是傻瓜设备。这种技术能够识别你正在观看的节目的声音，并同步获取相关的社交评论。

Autonomous Vehicles（自动驾驶） 谷歌的自动驾驶汽车已经行驶了一年多，只出过一次交通事故，还是被人追尾.这种无人驾驶汽车所用到的设备包括摄像机、雷达感应器和激光设备等，车载电脑能识别交通灯，识别人行道和障碍物等，并模拟人的智力对相应交通状况作出正确反应。

Big Data（大数据） 超出传统数据管理工具处理能力的大规模、复杂的数据集合。这包括在社交网站上的数据、在线金融交易数据、公司记录、气象监测数据等等。大数据的影响不仅存在于企业IT基础设施架构、数据管理策略、数据可视化与分析能力等方面，从根本上也对数据中心的机房设计原则等提出了更高的要求。

3D Printing （3d打印） 3D打印是对“添加法制造技术”的一种形象化的描述，即在原来二维打印的基础上，通过逐层叠加的方式打印出三维的物体。这种技术最刺激的一种可能性在于，它具有无限的定制能力。如果你不喜欢正在创建的零部件或物品的某一项特征，你只需调整CAD图纸，把你要改善的部分包含在内，再打印一个物品就可以了。这项技术也不仅仅只用于建模和打印原型。

Augmented Reality（增强现实） 增强现实，即在人们接触到的真实世界上，叠加虚拟电子信息，对真实世界的信息进行增强或者扩张，帮助利用者们从事各种活动。谷歌最近推出的“眼镜计划”，开始公开测试配备增强现实技术的眼镜，这款眼镜将集智能手机、GPRS、相机于一身，在用户眼前展现实时信息，只要眨眨眼就能拍照上传、收发短信、查询天气路况等操作。

Biometric Authentication Methods（生物特征识别） 生物特征识别，即利用人的生理特征或行为特征，来进行个人身份的鉴定。常见的有指纹识别、人脸识别、虹膜识别、说话人识别、手形识别、掌纹识别、签名识别、步态识别等。

part 3 COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM

What is IT IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms (business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations, and other forms, including those not yet conceived). difference among data, info, knowledge, wisdom. the wisdom of all ages: there ain’t no free lunch.

Five components of an information system

Five components of an information system The five components of an information system are: People Procedures Software Hardware Data

Examples of computer usage User Hardware/Network Software Home User desktop computer; set-top box; handheld computer Internet Reference (e.g., dictionaries, maps) Entertainment (e.g., games) Educational(e.g., foreign language tutorials) Productivity (e.g., word processor) Personal finance, online banking Communications and Web browser Email

Examples of computer usage User Hardware/Network Software Small business user desktop computer; handheld computer(PDA); shared network printer; Internet Productivity (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, database) Company specific (e.g. accounting, legal reference) Communications and Web browser May use network versions of some software packages Email

Examples of computer usage User Hardware/Network Software Mobile user Laptop computer equipped with a modem; laptop carrying case; video projector Internet Local area network Productivity (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, presentation graphics) Personal information management Communications and Web browser Email

Examples of computer usage User Hardware/Network Software Large business user Minicomputer or mainframe computer; Desktop or laptop computer; hand held computer (PDA) Productivity Personal information management Desktop publishing Accounting Network management Communications and Web browser May use network versions of some software packages Email

Examples of computer usage User Hardware/Network Software Power user Local area network or wide area network, depending on the size of the company Internet Desktop publishing Multimedia authoring Photo, sound, and video editing Communications and Web browser Computer-aided design

Objectives Explain the importance of learning computer and how to learn it. Define the term computer and identify the components of a computer (Describe the von Neumann model). Describe hardware devices for input, processing, storage, output, and communication.

Objectives Differentiate between system software and application software. Describe the categories of computers and their uses Explain the five parts of an information system.

That’s all for this chapter!