美國植物專利保護法制及植物品種專利核准案件解析 2002/12/17 專利法保護植物品種 之法制趨勢研討會 美國植物專利保護法制及植物品種專利核准案件解析 郭華仁 台灣大學農藝學系教授 謝銘洋 台灣大學法律學系教授 黃鈺婷 農委會動植物防疫檢疫局技士
新品種的來源 產生基因變異 將變異固定 自然突變 人為誘變 自然雜交 人為雜交 遺傳工程 經由無性繁殖 經由自交固定 產生雜交種 新的 與現有品種可區分 每個個體表現一致 可穩定地繁殖後代
雜交育種 自交固定 選擇親本 矮白 × 高紅 育成矮紅的品種 雜交 種子 第一代,長的都一樣 種子 第二代,長的都不一樣 矮白 × 高紅 育成矮紅的品種 種子 雜交育種 第一代,長的都一樣 種子 自交固定 第二代,長的都不一樣 從中選拔出矮紅的植株
變異的固定 品種 獨特性 一致性 穩定性 轉基因 無性繁殖植物 無性繁殖 交配選拔 雜交種 A B (某基因m) F1 A 品種 獨特性 一致性 穩定性 無性繁殖 交配選拔 雜交種 A B (某基因m) F1 A BC1 A BC2 A · 經檢查含m · Am 回交育種 自交植物 選擇兩個親本來雜交,雜交後代自分離世代開始,在田間選優良的植株,保留其種子再種。由於是自交植物,每自交一代,異質基因數量減少50%,如此經若干(6-8)世代,就可以得到優良的純系品種。 回交法 若要將乙品種的某一特性倒入甲品種,則在將甲予以雜交後,所得種子播種長大後再與甲交配,所得種子在播種長大後再與甲交配。每次選擇雜交種子所長出的植株時,需要確定該植株具有所要轉移的特性。 轉基因 無性繁殖植物 利用無性繁殖方式,直接固定該變異。
TRIPs 1994 UPOV 植物新品種保護國際聯盟 植物育種家權利法 植物品種保護法 植物種苗法 PVPA 27-1:對於任何新的,發明的,以及產業可用的技術皆須給予專利 27-2:為了維持公共秩序與道德,包括人畜植物健康與環境等,則可加以排除 如利用X光,化學物質產生突變種 或利用重組DNA技術之方法 UPOV 植物新品種保護國際聯盟 植物育種家權利法 植物品種保護法 植物種苗法 PVPA 如利用雜交、選種的方式 27-3(b):也可以排除動植物(除非是微生物) ,以及生產動植物的實質生物程序(除非是非生物性的,或是微生物性的)。然而會員國應使用專利或有效的特別(sui generis) 法規,或兩者兼具,來對植物品種給予保護。本規定須於WTO協議生效四年後加以檢討
(美國) 育種家 權利的範圍 新法侵權 UPOV/PVPA 繁殖材料、收穫物、直接加工物 生產、再生產、以繁殖為目的的調製、銷售、進出口 切花 花茶 舊法不侵權 越南不保護 新法侵權 (美國) 育種家 (越南) (日本) 若已獲得日本權利保護 舊法侵權 菊花品種 自行繁殖 種苗
用從屬品種來限制育種家 免責 權利的限制 用農民免責來保障重要農產 以實驗為目的者。 以育成其他品種為目的者。 研究免責 育種家免責 ,所開發出來的新品種,都可以進行生產、繁殖、調製、銷售、進出口等行為 以實驗為目的者。 以育成其他品種為目的者。 以私人非營利為目的者。 研究免責 育種家免責 對農業的保障:對主要農作物採納農民免責條款 用農民免責來保障重要農產 以繁殖為目的,在自有耕地上耕作之農民。 小農
若A+是A的實質衍生品種,得申請新品種保護,但品種A的權利及於A+ 育種家免責的限制:從屬品種 實質衍生自該品種,而該品種本身並非實質衍生自其他品種者 與該品種相較,不具明顯可區別性之品種 需重複使用該品種始可生產之品種 受保護品種 A → A+ 若A+是A的實質衍生品種,得申請新品種保護,但品種A的權利及於A+ 易產生實質衍生品種的育種方法: 誘變、回交、基因轉殖 育種家可以任意拿受保護品種來進行任何育種,只有在當育成的品種是受保護品種的從屬品種,而且要上市之前,才需要與原權利人協商
實質衍生品種三要件 A+ 由A經育種程序得到 兩者有明顯的區別性 兩者遺傳相似度高
EDV A → A+ A → A+ → A+ + A → A+ → A+ + → A+ ++ A+是A的EDV A++是A的; A++不是A+的EDV 起始品種 在這系列當中,只有A是才能享受EDV
Anything under the sun that is made by man could be patented 美國植物權利保護三制 植物專利 1930/1998 植物品種保護法 1970/1994 實用專利 Anything under the sun that is made by man could be patented 1980:Diamond vs. Chakarabarty 微生物可以專利 1985: Ex parte Hibbred et al. 除人類外生物皆可專利 2001:AG Supply, Inc. vs. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
美國植物專利對植物品種 核准件數 菊 76 2001 玫瑰 48 鳳仙 40 聖誕紅 26 天竺葵 24 秋海棠 17 長壽花 17 菊 76 美國植物專利對植物品種 核准件數 2001 玫瑰 48 鳳仙 40 聖誕紅 26 天竺葵 24 秋海棠 17 長壽花 17 128種植物 583件專利 康乃馨11 火鶴花15 矮牽牛11 杜鵑11 朱菫14 桃15
農民黨一號(四季檨) What is claimed is: 1. A new and distinct mango tree variety "FP1" as shown and described, as a result of hydrid cross of the cultivars "F1" and "Irwin" with more attractive fruit finish.
美國實用專利與植物品種保護法對植物品種核准件數 134+94/510=45% 美國實用專利與植物品種保護法對植物品種核准件數 2001 (80+106)/219=85% 三種法制提供美國種苗公司較為多樣的選擇
PINK PARFAIT™ MANDEVILLA Mandevilla amabilis 'Rita Marie Green' Plant Patent No. 11,787 U.S. Patent No. 6,300,547 PH8V0 玉米自交系 (PVPA-200,000,205/ Patent-6,313,382) PH0B3 玉米自交系 (PVPA-9,900,041/ Patent- 6,333,451)
6,194,642 8. Tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant, or its parts, of claim 2. 美國植物品種實用專利權利範圍的解析 12. A hybrid corn seed produced by the method of claim 11. 13. A hybrid corn plant, or its parts, produced by growing said hybrid corn seed of claim 12. 14. Corn seed produced by growing said hybrid corn plant of claim 13. 15. A corn plant, or its parts, produced from seed of claim 14. 11. A method for producing a hybrid corn seed comprising crossing a first inbred parent corn plant with a second inbred parent corn plant and harvesting the resultant hybrid corn seed, wherein said first or second parent corn plant is the corn plant of claim 2. 21. The corn plant of claim 5, further comprising a single gene conversion. 22. The corn plant of claim 21, further comprising a cytoplasmic factor conferring male sterility. 23. The single gene conversion of the corn plant of claim 21, where the gene is a transgenic gene. ` 10. A corn plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 9. 1. An inbred corn seed designated GSC2, wherein a sample of said seed has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-2374. 2. A corn plant, or its parts, produced by growing the seed of claim 1. 玉米自交系GSC2的權利範圍
6,177,619 大豆品種931805521715的權利範圍
玉米雜交種--專利第6,180,857號 C1. Hybrid maize seed designated 33P66, representative seed of said hybrid 33P66 having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-1522. C2. A maize plant, or its parts, produced by the seed of claim 1. 實質衍生品種 C8. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 2, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more transgenes. C9. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 2, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more genes transferred by backcrossing.
需重複使用受保護品種的從屬品種的從屬品種方可生產之品種 無明顯地可區別性之品種品種 玉米雜交種--專利第6,180,857號 22. A maize plant, …one ancestor…is the maize plant…of claim 21, said maize plant capable of expressing a combination of at least two 33P66 traits … and well suited to the Central Corn Belt, Western Corn Belt and Eastern Corn Belt…. 26. A maize plant, …one ancestor…is the maize plant…of claim 25, …. C1. Hybrid maize seed designated 33P66, representative seed of said hybrid 33P66 having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-1522. C2. A maize plant, or its parts, produced by the seed of claim 1. C21. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 11, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more transgenes. C25. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 11, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more genes transferred by backcrossing. 實質衍生品種 需重複使用受保護品種的從屬品種的從屬品種方可生產之品種 無明顯地可區別性之品種品種 C7. A maize plant…. capable of expressing all the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid maize plant 33P66, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number. C11. A maize plant, or its parts, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant of claim 2.
Basmati 香米品系--專利5,663,484 C1. 稻植株,種於美洲時,其特性如下: a) 成熟株高約 80 cm ~ 140 cm; b) 對於光週期相當不敏感,而且 c) 所生產的米榖性狀如下: i) 澱粉指數約 27 ~ 35, ii)香氣成分(acetyl pyrroline ) 約 150 ~ 2,000 ppb, iii)長度約 6.2 ~ 8.0 mm,寬度約 1.6 ~ 1.9 mm, 長寬 比 約 3.5 ~ 4.5, iv)全米率約41~ 67%, v)蒸煮後米粒延長約 75~ 150% C3. The rice plant of claim 2, wherein said rice grains additionally have an average burst index of about 4 to about 1. C4. The rice plant of claim 2, wherein said rice grains consist of less than about 20% chalky, white belly or white center grains. C2. The rice plant of claim 1, wherein said starch index of i) consists of the sum of percent amylose of about 24 to about 29 and of alkali spreading value of about 2.9 to about 7.
Basmati 香米品系--專利5,663,484 C.6 The rice plant of claim 1, which plant about 119cm average amylose about 24.5% average alkali spreading value about 4.5 about 29 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ About 400 ppb about 6.75 mm about 1.85 mm about 3.65 about 50% about 90% C1. 稻植株,種於美洲時,其特性如下: a) 成熟株高約 80 cm ~ 140 cm; b) 對於光週期相當不敏感,而且 c) 所生產的米榖性狀如下: i) 澱粉指數約 27 ~ 35, ii)香氣成分(acetyl pyrroline ) 約 150 ~ 2,000 ppb, iii)長度約 6.2 ~ 8.0 mm,寬度約 1.6 ~ 1.9 mm, 長寬 比 約 3.5 ~ 4.5, iv)全米率約41~ 67%, v)蒸煮後米粒延長約 75~ 150% 6,7,11
這樣的權利範圍直如天羅地網,可以說假設在十年內所有新品皆受到美國式實用專利保護,那麼,十年後的育種家只能拿十年前的老品種作為育種材料,育種科學的進步將有十年的斷層。
轉基因植物—專利第6,329,574號 「含高離胺酸可稔的轉基因玉米植株」 40 claims Claim 1. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising isolated DNA comprising a tissue-specific promoter operably linked to a first non-plant DNA sequence encoding a dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (DHDPS) which DHDPS is substantially resistant to feedback inhibition by endogenously produced free L-lysine and wherein said DNA further comprises a second sequence attached to the 5' terminus of the DHDPS encoding sequence which encodes a plant DHDPS chloroplast transit peptide (CTP) which localizes the DHDPS in the chloroplasts of the cells of said plant, wherein said DNA is expressed so that the transgenic Zea mays plant exhibits an increased level of lysine in its seed over a plant which does not comprise said DNA, and wherein said DNA is heritable.
C32. A Zea mays seed obtained from a C 8. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine, and…contains a high level of an essential amino acid …. C33. A Zea mays seed obtained from a C9. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine, and … the transgenic plant is insect resistant. C34. A Zea mays seed obtained from a C10. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine,…plant is insect resistant, … the level of the amino acid in said transgenic plant is increased….
C36. Food or feed produced from a Zea mays seed obtained from a C 8. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine, and…contains a high level of an essential amino acid …. C37. Food or feed produced from a Zea mays seed obtained from a C9. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine, and … the transgenic plant is insect resistant. C38. Food or feed produced from a Zea mays seed obtained from a C10. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprising…DNA sequence…increased level of lysine,…plant is insect resistant, … the level of the amino acid in said transgenic plant is increased….
× 轉基因品種Am 自己的品種B 品種Bm 專利法 甲公司 乙公司 轉基因品種Am 自己的品種B 回交 品種Bm 專利法 由於轉基因是科技的創新,並非自然界能輕易辦到,因此若與自然產生的植物性狀一般看待,是低估第一個將外來基因轉到對象植物的貢獻,對於轉基因品種的專利權人,的確有所不公 基因 品種 植物品種保護法 ×
世界糧食問題 智財權的保護 新種原的取得 改良新品種 若非能取得兩者間的平衡點,否則註定失之一隅,無論何方取勝,終將危及農糧生產
Anything under the sun that is made by man could be patented
Due parts of anything under the sun that is made by man could be patented
FIN 郭華仁 謝銘洋 黃鈺婷 敬請指教