Unit 1 See For Yourself

Program: Working Holiday in Australia Who: Pamela Tsai Introduction: Examples of working while traveling  Program: Work and Travel USA Who: Eric Chen Where: a restaurant What: refilling dishes, cleaning tables  Program: Working Holiday in Australia Who: Pamela Tsai Where: a peach orchard What: picking peaches and nectarines

2 applying for the Working Holiday visa Body: Requirements and preparations  Requirements 1 age from 18 to 28 2 being interviewed 3 a certain level of proficiency in English 4 passion and willingness to communicate and share  Preparations 1 googling to know more 2 applying for the Working Holiday visa

Conclusion: Benefits and possible difficulties  Benefits: making money, gaining working knowledge, developing global perspectives, getting a real taste of foreign culture, enhancing ability to solve problems Possible difficulties: hard work, unexpected situations, problems like racial discrimination Conclusion: When you are physically and mentally ready, go and see for yourself how amazing the world is.

Reading 1/9 Eric Chen, a twenty-year-old college student from Taiwan, has joined the Work and Travel USA program and has been working in Florida as a waiter in a buffet restaurant for three weeks. His duties include refilling trays and cleaning tables for customers. Boring as the job might seem, Eric has gained some special experiences from it.

 Eric Chen, a twenty­year-old college student from Taiwan  Eric Chen, a twenty­year-old college student from Taiwan . . . has been working in Florida . . .  此為同位語，用以補充說明前方名詞Eric Chen的相關資訊或背景。  因後方的時間副詞為「for + 一段時間」，故需用 完成式。此處為現在完成進行式，表示持續進行的動作或狀態，而且極可能繼續下去。 現在完成式 v.s. 現在完成進行式 1 現在完成式(present perfect simple)：表示動作到現在的完成狀態，特別強調結果，例：  I have done the homework. (  強調作業已完成) 2 現在完成進行式(present perfect continuous)：強調動作持續進行而且會繼續下去，特別強調動作，例：  I have been doing the homework for two hours. (  強調一直做了兩小時, 而且還會繼續做下去)

補充以下例子，讓學生更能區別此兩種動詞時 態的差異： Christine has been trying to convince her father for 30 minutes but she hasn’t succeeded yet.  People have been talking about global warming for years and they still haven’t found a solution.  I have been reading this book for a month but I have only read a small part of it. It‘s very difficult.

 Boring as the job might seem . . . from it.   Boring though the job might seem . . .  Although/Though the job might seem boring . . . 由連接詞although與though所引導的表「讓步」之副詞子句中，為了強調語氣，可將子句中作修飾用的形容詞或副詞移至句首，並將子句形成倒裝句，例：  Although/Though the proposal sounds impracticable, we can still give it a try, for we have no other alternatives.  Impracticable as/though the proposal sounds, we can still give it a try, for we have no other alternatives.  代名詞it在此指稱的是前半句的the job。

Reading For example, a local customer wearing a 2/9 For example, a local customer wearing a Chinese tunic suit often practiced Mandarin with him, and an elderly lady once comforted him when he accidentally spilled salad dressing all over her clothes. Before the buffet restaurant opens for customers, Eric sits down and eats with his co-workers the meal prepared specifically for them by the chef. This helps Eric save money, so that he can afford to enjoy some of the area’s famous tourist attractions on weekends.

 For example, a local customer wearing a Chinese tunic suit  For example, a local customer wearing a Chinese tunic suit . . . all over her clothes.  此為由關係子句(who wore)簡化而成的分詞片語(weaing)，用以修飾先行詞a local customer。本句型詳細用法請見本課句型解析1。  all over (sth) 遍布，到處 The singer is so popular that people all over the country have heard about her. accidentally= by accident 此為由關係子句(which is prepared for)簡化而成的分詞片語(prepared for)，用以修飾先行詞the meal。

 This helps Eric save money, so that he can afford to enjoy . . .  代名詞this可用以代替前方曾提及的語句，此處指稱的是上句，即「Eric可在餐廳營業前與同事們一起享用主廚特別為他們準備的餐點」一事。  連接詞so that可引導表「目的」之副詞子句，意近於in order that，常用於非正式的文體，且其中的that在美式用法中經常予以省略。so that所引導的子句中，常有情態助動詞(如may、can、will等)，例：  The backpackers set off early(,) so that they wouldn’t come across the bad weather.

 afford sth/to V 買得起…，付得起錢  The Lins spent much money on redecorating their house so they can’t afford (to take) a trip this year.

Reading 3/9 Pamela Tsai, on the other hand, just graduated from college this year and is visiting Australia on the Australia Working Holiday Visa. Currently, she is working in a peach orchard near Melbourne. Before this, she worked at three other jobs: One was lobster packaging, another was grape pruning, and the other was ski repairing. Pamela likes Australia’s relaxed atmosphere, but the job she is doing now is not easy.

 Pamela Tsai, on the other hand . . . on the Australia Working Holiday Visa.  on the other hand譯作「另一方面」，其中的hand可予以省略。此用語常用於陳述與前方事實或想法對比但不互相矛盾的情況，且其前方的語句常以on the one hand引導，例：  On the one hand, Hank is a successful businessman; on the other (hand), he fails to be a good father. 介系詞on在此譯作「持有…，帶有…」，例：  Could you lend me some money? I don’t have any on me.

 Currently, she is working in . . .  currently adv. 目前 (= presently, at present)  The product you want is not currently available. Please come back next week.  現在進行式通常用於描述眼前正在發生的情形或從事的動作。可提醒學生：有些動詞不宜搭配進行式使用，如表示感覺、思想、關係等的動詞(如love、think、understand、remember、taste、deny、satisfy、belong、measure、owe、deserve等)。

 Before this, she worked at three other jobs.  before prep. 比…早 ( = previous to, prior to)  Before/Previous to/Prior to 1981, there were no women judges on the Supreme Court.  代名詞this在此指稱的是前句「Pamela Tsai目前正在墨爾本附近的一家水蜜桃果園工作」一事。  work (at) . . . jobs 做…工作 此用法中，work 可作不及物動詞，也可作及物動詞，因此，work後面的at可省略，例：  Shirley has to work (at) four jobs to make ends meet. Thus, she has worked (at) various jobs.

 One was lobster packaging, another was grape pruning, and the other was ski repairing. 此句為不定代名詞之應用，用以指稱總體為三種以上，且各自不同的事物。本句型詳細用法請見本課句型解析2。  N + V­ing可形成複合名詞(compound nouns)，其中的名詞為後方動詞的受詞。本句後方的grape pruning與ski repairing均為此類複合名詞。  name-calling 謾罵  shame-making 難為情的  code­breaking 破解密碼的  meat­eating 食肉的，肉食性的

 . . . the job she is doing now is not easy. 此處為省略了關係代名詞that/which的形容詞子句，用以修飾前方的先行詞the job。  easy adj. 安逸的，安樂的 (↔ uneasy, hard)  Taking a week off, Melissa had a couple of easy days and was free from pressure.

Reading 4/9 From 7 a.m. to 3 p.m., under the blazing sun, she needs to reach up and bend down to pick peaches and nectarines, and put them into buckets. Pamela, like many of the other working holiday travelers there, lives in an on-site caravan park, which provides backpackers with basic accommodations. After this job, she will join the Great Ocean Road tour and then fly to Gold Coast to enjoy the beaches and sunshine there.

 Pamela, like many of the other working holiday travelers there, lives in an on-site caravan park, which provides backpackers with basic accommodations.  like prep. 像  Like many students at his age, William struggles with his homework and peer pressure.  此為非限定用法(補述用法)的關係子句，用以補充先行詞an on­site caravan park。  . . ., which provides basic accommodations for backpackers.

provide sb with sth 提供某人某物 (= provide sth for sb)  The witness provided very valuable evidence for the police.

 不定詞to enjoy在此作副詞用，表示「目的」。此用法通常置於動詞後方，可改寫作in order to + V、so as to + V、for the purpose of + V-ing、with a view/an eye to + V­ing等，例：  Erika bought tickets early (in order/so as) to get a good seat. 　 Erika bought tickets early for the purpose of/with a view/an eye to getting a good seat.

Reading 5/9 It goes without saying that before Eric and Pamela set off on their journeys, they did a lot of research to find out the specific details of these programs. The Work and Travel USA program is open to students ranging in age from 18 to 28. After employers in cooperation with the program examine applicants’ personal information and résumés, every applicant selected will have an interview with the program manager.

 It goes without saying that before Eric and Pamela set off on their journeys, they did a lot of research to find out the specific details of these programs.  It goes without saying that-­clause 不用說 此用法可改寫作(It is) needless to say (that)­clause、It is obvious/apparent that­clause、Obviously/Apparently, S + V . . .，例：  It goes without saying that the Internet is something people cannot live without nowadays.  (It is) needless to say (that)(,) the Internet is something people cannot live without nowadays.  It is obvious/apparent that the Internet is something people cannot live without nowadays.  Obviously/Apparently, the Internet is something people cannot live without nowadays.   . . . before setting off on their journeys, Eric and Pamela did . . .

 The Work and Travel USA program is open to students ranging in age from 18 to 28.  Students ranging in age from 18 to 28 are qualified to apply for the Work and Travel USA program.  be open to sb 開放給…  The job opportunities are open to all qualified and eligible applicants.  此為由關係子句(who range…from)簡化而成的分詞片語(ranging)，用 以修飾前方的名詞student。本句型詳細用 法請見本課句型解析1。

 range (in length/size/price/age) from sth to sth/between sth and sth (…的)範圍在…與…之間  The performance attracted a large audience ranging from toddlers to the elders.  The shoes sold in the shop range in price between NT$1,000 and NT$4,000.

 After employers in cooperation with the program examine applicants’ personal information and résumés, every applicant selected will have an interview with the program manager.   After employers cooperating/who cooperate with the program . . .  此為由關係子句(who is selected)簡化而成的分詞片語(selected)，用以修飾前方的名詞every applicant。本句型詳細用法請見本課句型解析1。

Reading 6/9 Although students are required to possess a certain level of proficiency in English in order to live and work in the United States, what matters most is their passion and willingness to share and communicate. This is what Eric discovered before he decided to participate in the Work and Travel USA program.

 複合關係代名詞what在此引導名詞子句，作句中的主詞。由於名詞子句在文法上視作單數名詞，故後方動詞應與其一致，使用單數動詞，例：  What matters most in learning a language is practice.

主詞補語(subject complement, SC)  This is what Eric discovered before he decided to participate . . .  代名詞this在此指稱的是上句，即「雖然學生必須擁有一定程度的英文能力才能在美國生活、工作；然而，最重要的是他們的熱情及分享、溝通的意願。」一事。  複合關係代名詞what在此引導名詞子句，作主詞this的補語。 主詞補語(subject complement, SC) 1 不完全不及物動詞才需要主詞補語補充說明主詞。 2 不完全不及物動詞大約可分為以下三類： 1) be動詞、become、appear、seem、remain等。 2) 感覺動詞：look、sound、taste、feel等。 3) 變成：become、get、grow、turn、go、come、fall、turn等。 3 可作主詞補語的有形容詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、名詞、名 詞子句、名詞片語等。

 articipate in (take part in)為一不及物動詞，意近於join，不過相較之下，用法較為正式，例：  The chairman asked every supervisor in charge to participate in the conference.

Reading 7/9 As for Pamela, a 21-year-old woman who is fond of beautiful landscapes and natural environments, Australia was her first choice. As a result, she googled “working holiday in Australia” to know more about the life and jobs there. She learned that people who are older than 18 and younger than 30 are eligible to apply for the Australia Working Holiday Visa. She also found out that if she got a job there, she could earn some money to supplement her funds while she was traveling abroad during the 12 months on this visa.

 As for Pamela, a 21-year-old woman who is fond of beautiful landscapes and natural environments, Australia was her first choice.  as for sb/sth 譯作「至於」，意近的字詞還有as to、when it comes to、as far as sb be concerned、concerning、respecting、regarding、 with regard to等，例：  The thief was caught the next day, but as for the stolen money, it was found nowhere.  . . . a 21­year­old woman fond of beautiful landscapes . . .

 as a result (of sth) (作為…的)結果  The tourist forgot to carry his passport with him. As a result, he was mistaken for an illegal immigrant.  As a result of carrying no passport with him, the tourist was mistaken for an illegal immigrant.

 She learned that people who are older than 18 and younger than 30 are eligible to apply for . . .  從屬連接詞that在此引導名詞子句，作動詞 learn的受詞，此時的that可予以省略。 此形容詞子句用以修飾先行詞people。 apply (to sb) for sth (向…)申請… (apply to 應用)  The high school graduate successfully applied for admission to several well-known universities in the United States.

 She also found out that if she got a job there  She also found out that if she got a job there . . . some money to supplement her funds while she was traveling . . .  從屬連接詞that在此引導名詞子句，作動詞片語find out的受詞。  if在此引導條件子句，可置於主要子句前或後，也可用逗號將條件子句與主要子句隔開。  不定詞片語to supplement her funds在此作形容詞用法，修飾前方的名詞some money。  連接詞while可用以連接兩個同時進行的長時間動作或情形，可用於簡單式與進行式，例：  Mr. and Mrs. Hsiao talked about their daughter’s future while she was sleeping.   . . . while traveling abroad . . .

Reading 8/9 Programs like the Work and Travel USA and the Working Holiday encourage young people to explore our planet. In addition to making money and gaining valuable work experience, those who take part in these programs can develop global perspectives, get a real taste of foreign cultures, and enhance their ability to solve problems.

 encourage sb to V 鼓勵某人從事某事 (↔ discourage sb from V­ing)  Lower prices for plane tickets encourage people to travel.

 In addition to making money and gaining valuable work experience, those who take part in these programs can develop global perspectives, get a real taste of foreign cultures, and enhance their ability to solve problems.  in addition to sth/Ving 除此之外，還有… (= besides)  In addition to downloading videos, you can also upload your own to this website.  make/earn作及物動詞時可譯作「掙得，獲得(金錢)」，其後方可搭配的動詞除了money外，常見的還有profit、fortune、loss等，例：  It’s hard to believe that the wealthy man made a generous fortune out of recycling.

 those who­clause譯作「凡是…的人」，其後搭配複數動詞。此句型亦可改寫作the person who­clause，後方則搭配單數動詞。本句型詳細用法請見U3句型解析1。  take part (in sth) 參加，參與 (= participate in)  Many students took part in the demonstration against high school uniform code.  taste n. [C] (usu. sing.) (短暫的)體驗  We can get a taste of foreign life by traveling abroad.  不定詞to solve在此作形容詞用法，修飾前方的名詞their ability。

Reading 9/9 However, without a full understanding of these programs and a positive attitude, no one is guaranteed a memorable, worthwhile trip. Whoever is interested in these programs should be prepared for hard work, unexpected situations, and even problems like racial discrimination. When you are physically and mentally ready, go and see for yourself how amazing the world is.

 Whoever is interested in these programs should be prepared for hard work, unexpected situations, and even problems like racial discrimination.  複合關係代名詞whoever在此引導名詞子句，作句中的主詞。本句亦可改寫作Anyone who is interested . . . 。 複合關係代名詞whoever的用法 1 引導名詞子句： 1) 作句中的主詞：  Whoever (= Anyone who) raises his hand first is the winner. 2) 作句中的受詞：  Mr. Lin will punish whoever (= anyone who) is late for school. 2 引導副詞子句：  Whoever (= No matter who) you like, I will like that person, too.

 be prepared for sth 準備好應付… (↔ be unprepared for sth) 3比較whoever及whomever： 1) whoever引導作受詞用的名詞子句中的主詞，例：  You may give the present to whoever likes it. 2) whomever引導作受詞用的名詞子句中的受詞，例：  You may give the present to whomever you like.  be prepared for sth 準備好應付… (↔ be unprepared for sth)  The interviewee was not prepared for an impromptu speech.

 like在此作介系詞，通常用於列舉同類人或事物中的數例，即such as。like與such as只會將該類範例中的部分列出，並不會陳述所有的例子；若要列舉出所有的範例，應使用namely為佳，例：  Cartoon characters like/such as Mickey Mouse and Doraemon have been popular among children for decades.  Ivy got four items as her birthday presents, namely a tablet computer, a cell phone, a bracelet, and an encyclopedia.

 疑問詞how在此引導名詞子句，作動詞see的受詞。其屬於間接問句之應用，因此建議提醒學生：間接問句應為直述句，故主詞應置於動詞或be動詞的前方。 補充將直接問句改為間接問句的步驟： 1有be動詞時，將be動詞移到主詞之後，例：  Who is the man over there? 　  Nobody knows who the man over there is. 2有助動詞時，應刪掉助動詞，再將動詞改為適當的時態，例：  When did the speaker arrive?  I didn’t notice when the speaker arrived. 若有情態助動詞時，則需將助動詞移到主詞之後、原形動詞之前，例：  Where should we go now?  Can anybody tell me where we should go now?

3 Yes/No問句需先加上whether或if，剩下部分改法同 上：  Is Ken your cousin? 　  I’d like to know whether/if Ken is your cousin.  Does the dress fit me? 　  Do you think whether/if the dress fits me?  Will all the members attend the meeting (or not)? 　  Who knows whether all the members will attend the meeting (or not)?

After You Read Comprehension Check Age Language Attitude I. According to the reading, what are the requirements that a Work and Travel USA applicant should meet? Fill in the form below. Age Language Attitude a certain level of proficiency in English Passion, and (a) willingness to share and communicate 18-28

II. Choose the correct answer to each question or statement. ( ) 1. The main purpose of the reading is to _______. (A) show readers many different types of traveling (B) inform readers of a new way to learn a language (C) place an advertisement for a travel agency (D) introduce students to two programs of work and travel in a foreign country D

D ( ) 2. According to the reading, which of the following statements is true? (A) People will always face racial discrimination during a working holiday. (B) Without a positive attitude, any working holiday traveler can still enjoy a wonderful trip. (C) Pamela loved plants and animals, so she chose the Work and Travel USA program. (D) Both of the programs mentioned in the reading can help develop one’s global perspective. D

D ( ) 3. Before setting off on his or her adventure, a working holiday applicant does NOT need to _______. (A) do some research on the Internet or from books (B) apply for a working holiday visa (C) prepare any amount of money in advance (D) speak the language of the country perfectly which he or she will be visiting D

B ( ) 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the reading? (A) What working holiday travelers should be mentally prepared for. (B) Jobs that are open to seniors who want to explore the world. (C) Certain benefits that working holiday travelers may enjoy. (D) Some requirements that working holiday applicants need to fulfill. B