第七章 貿易契約

表6.5 預約發票

表6.4 報價單

出口報價應注意事項 報價發出後，非萬不得已，千萬不要任意撤回、修改交易條件或提高價格。 儘量作較有彈性的報價，即Sub-con Offer報價，以求保留更大的交易迴旋空間。 注意時差的問題。 注意匯率及運費、保險費等費率變動及分擔問題。 若報價商品已無還價空間，則可註明不必還價(counter offer unacceptable)，並建議被報價人接受報價。 斟酌情況接受被報價人的要求展延報價有效期限，或於有效期限屆滿後更新原報價，給予被報價人更多的機會來考慮接受本報價。 為確保交易安全，雙方最好仍以簽定書面契約書為宜。

成立契約的方式有那些？

契約成立的方式 依要約承諾成立契約 依交錯要約成立契約 依意思實現成立契約

什麼是要約？要約有那些種類？

要約的種類 賣方要約、買方要約 確定要約、不確定要約

什麼是構成契約的基本元素？

構成契約的基本元素 確定要約+有效承諾＝契約

什麼是確定要約？

構成確定要約(Firm Offer)的條件 要約人須清楚地表明願意按照要約內容成立契約之意思。 要約應為向特定人所發出。 要約內容須十分確定。 要約在到達被要約人時始生效。

什麼是有效承諾？

構成有效承諾(Valid Acceptance)的條件 承諾須為被要約人所發出。 承諾須在要約所規定之有效存續期限內作出。 承諾之內容須與要約一致。 承諾之通知方式須符合要約之指示。

依契約法規定，有效契約的法律要件為何？

構成有效契約的法律要件 契約當事人須具有行為能力 當事人間必須達成協議 契約的標的及內容必須合法 雙方當事人之合意必須真實

成立書面貿易契約功能何在？

貿易契約書的功能 法律上的證據 確定契約的內容 作為裁判紛爭的標準 可免除通訊的誤傳或誤譯 作為進口簽證結匯之用

貿易商在簽立契約時應注意些什麼？

簽立貿易契約書的原則 注意契約內容的完整性 注意簽約人的權限 注意契約條款的一致性 注意簽約手續的完整 信守誠信原則

一般貿易商成立書面契約的 方法有哪些？

成立書面貿易契約的方法 以換文方式 以確認書方式 以契約書方式 以事先簽訂協議書為根據方式

一份貿易契約書可以分成哪些主要部分？

貿易契約書的結構 契約的首部（約首）：包括契約的名稱、契約的序言、契約編號、締約日期、締約地點、締約雙方之名稱與地址等。 契約的主體（本文）：包括商品名稱、品質規格、數量、包裝、價格與總值、交貨裝運、付款、保險、商檢、索賠、不可抗力等條約。 契約的尾部（約尾）：包括契約的份數、使用之文字和效力及雙方之簽字。

貿易契約的基本條款 即指契約書中的主要條款，是契約書的重心所在。一般的國際貿易契約多將下列歸為基本條款： 品質條款。 數量條款。 價格條款。 付款條款。 交貨條款。 包裝刷嘜條款。 保險條款。

品質條款 品質的決定方法 （憑樣品、標準品、商標或品牌、規格、說明書或型錄來決定品質） 品質的決定時間與地點 （出廠、裝船、起岸、買方品質） 檢驗品質的機關 不良商品的處理方法

數量條款 數量單位的選定 包裝貨物計價重量的選定 交付數量時間、地點的約定 交付數量超過與不足的解決方式 裝、卸數量差額負擔的特約

價格條款 價格的種類 （淨價、含佣價格） 價格的結構 （如FOB、CFR、CIF等） 價格的幣別 價格的計算單位

付款條款 付款的時期 付款的方法 （訂貨付現、憑單據付現、貨到付現、信用狀、託收、記帳、分期付款） 付款的幣別

交貨條款 交貨地點 交貨期限 交貨方式 （是否可分批交貨 、轉運） 交貨通知

表7.1 各貿易條件下之交貨地點與交貨方式

包裝刷嘜條款 確認是否需要包裝（散裝貨、裸裝貨不須包裝） 包裝方式 包裝所使用材料 刷嘜內容（主標誌 、副標誌、卸貨港標誌與目的地標誌 、件號、原產國標誌 、品質標誌 、注意標誌 、重量與體積標誌 ）

圖7.1貨物外包裝箱上的嘜頭

保險條款 投保人 保險種類 保險金額及幣別 保險理賠地點

表7.2 海上貨物運輸保險基本險條款

貿易契約範例(1/12) Contract This contract is made this 29 day of June, 2005 by Bestwise Trading Co., Ltd. (Hereinafter referred to as “SELLER”?, a Taiwanese company having their principal office at No.64, Sec.2, Chih-nan Roard, Taipei, Taiwan, who agree to sell and Wiiw Co., Ltd. (Hereinafter referred as ”Buyer”?, an Austrian company having their principal office at Oppolzergasse 6 A-1010 Vienna, Austria, who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below: 1.COMMODITY: Fast Food Automatical Equipment. 2.QUALITY: As per sample No.A606-858 dated March 21, 2005. 3.QUANTITY: 1,000 sets. 4.UNIT PRICE: USD 683 per set CIF Vienna via Hamburg Total amount USD 683,000 (Say US Dollars six hundred eighty three thousand only) CIF Vienna via Hamburg.

貿易契約範例(2/12) 5.PACKING: One set to a paper box, five boxes to a carton. 6.SHIPPING MARK: WIIW DL23567 VIENNA VIA HAMBURG C/NO. 1-200 MADE IN TAIWAN 7.SHIPMENT: To be shipped on or before September 30, 2005 subject to acceptable L/C reached SELLER before the end of August, 2005, and partial shipment allowed, transshipment allowed. 8.PAYMENT: By a prime banker€’s irrevocable sight L/C in seller’s favor, for 100% value of goods. 9.INSURANCE: SELLER shall arrange marine insurance covering W.A plus TPND and war risk for 110% of the invoice value and provide for claim, if any, payable in Vienna in US currency.

11. FLUCTUATIONS OF FREIGHT, INSURANCE PREMIUM, CURRENCY, ETC.: 貿易契約範例(3/12) 10. INSPECTION: Goods is to be inspected by an independent inspector and whose certificate inspection of quality and quantity is to be final. 11. FLUCTUATIONS OF FREIGHT, INSURANCE PREMIUM, CURRENCY, ETC.: (1)It is agreed that the prices mentioned herein are all based upon TWD 33 to USD 1. In case, there is any change in such rate at the time of negotiating drafts, the prices shall be adjusted and settled according to the corresponding change so as not to decrease SELLER’s proceeds in NT Dollars. 　(2)The prices mentioned herein are all based upon the current rate of freight and/or war and marine insurance premium. Any increase in freight and/or insurance premium rate at the time of shipment shall be for BUYER’s risks and account. 　(3)SELLER reserve the right to adjust the prices mentioned herein, if prior to delivery there is any substantial increase in the cost of raw material or component parts.

貿易契約範例(4/12) 12. TAXES AND DUTIES, ETC.: Any duties, axes or levies imposed upon the goods, or any packages, material or activities involved in the performance of the contract shall be for account of origin, and for account of BUYER if imposed by the country of destination. 13. CLAIMS: In the event of any claim arising in respect of any shipment, notice of intention to claim should be given in writing to SELLER promptly after arrival of the goods at the port of discharge and opportunity must be given to SELLER for investigation. Failing to give such prior written notification and opportunity of investigation within twenty-one (21) days after the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of discharge, no claim shall be entertained. In any event, SELLER shall not be responsible for damages that may result from the use of goods or for consequential or special damages, or for any amount in excess of the invoice value of the defective goods.

貿易契約範例(5/12) 14. FORCE MAJEURE: Non-delivery of all or any part of the merchandise caused by war, blockage, revolution, insurrection, civil commotions, riots, mobilization, strikes, lockouts, act of God, severe weather, plagues or other epidemic, destruction of goods by fire or flood, obstruction of loading by storm or typhoon at the port of delivery, or any other cause beyond SELLER’s control before shipment shall operate as a cancellation of the sale to the extent of such non-delivery. However, in case the merchandise has been prepared and ready for shipment to any of the abovementioned causes, BUYER shall extend the shipping deadline by means of amending relevant L/C or otherwise, upon the request of SELLER. 15. ARBITRATION: Any disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the parties, out of, or in relation to or in connection with this contract may be referred to arbitration. Such arbitration shall take place in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and shall be held and shall proceed in accordance with the Chinese Government arbitration regulations.

貿易契約範例(6/12) 16. PROPER LAW: The formation, validity, construction and the performance or this contract are governed by the laws of Republic of China. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representative as on the date first above written. BUYER SELLER　　　　　 WIIW CO., LTD. BESTWISE TRADING CO., LTD. Manager Manager　　　　　

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