實務探討: IFRS 7 金融工具:揭露、IFRS 9 金融工具 鍾丹丹,執業會計師 2012/07/20
大綱 金融工具準則及相關修訂情形簡介 IFRS 7 金融工具:揭露 IFRS 9 金融工具:分類與衡量 準則簡介 相關問答集 實務應用問題 興櫃及未上市櫃股票之分類與衡量
金融工具準則及相關修訂情形簡介
金融工具準則 IAS 39及 IFRS 9(註) 金融工具 IAS 32 金融工具之表達 IFRS 7 金融工具之揭露 認列及除列 衡量 衍生工具及避險會計 表 達 揭 露 (註1) IFRS 9將取代原IAS 39,該計畫分三階段,金管會原已認可第一階段有關金融資產分類部分,惟因IASB已將IFRS 9適用延至2015年,金管會亦決定延後適用該公報。另金管會業已修訂財報編製準則。考量現行財務會計準則公報第34號「金融商品之會計處理準則」業已參酌IAS 39相關規定訂定,除以成本衡量之金融資產或金融負債於轉換日可能有重分類之必要外,餘現行金融資產及負債之分類與衡量業已與IAS 39規定相符,基於會計政策之ㄧ致性及延續性,不宜於轉換日重分類。 ROC GAAP 之處理原則,以下限估列並揭露差額?(CHECK) 2011 LOSS 40,000,000 ; 2012 0; 2013: 30,000,000 IFRS 係以最可能之金額作為估計數,如以期望值或中數作為估計數 2011 LOSS 60,000,000; 2012 0;2013: 10,000,000 TRANSITION DATE ENTRY Additional loss of 20,000,000 was recognized, the loss of 10,000,000 in 2013 could not be rolled back the transition date(use of hindsight) 4
IASB目前修正金融工具會計處理(IFRS 9)之預計時間表 專案階段 初版 最終版 第一階段*: 分類與衡量 金融資產 金融負債及除列 2009年7月 2010年5月 2009年12月 2010年10月 (預計於2012年Q4發佈有限度修正之草案,以減少與US GAAP之差異) 第二階段*: 金融資產之減損 2009年11月 及2011年1月 未定 (預計於2012年Q4重新發佈草案) 第三階段*: 避險會計 General: 2010年12月 Portfolio: 2012年Q3或Q4發佈討論稿 2012年Q3或Q4發佈IFRS Portfolio:未定 *第一、二、三階段之最終版日後將由IASB整合為一新國際財務會計準則 **上表更新至2012.6.14
IFRS 7 金融工具:揭露
金融工具之風險性質及程度 數量化揭露 流動性風險 到期日分析 非衍生性金融負債 衍生性金融負債 (包括複合工具之嵌入式衍生性工具) 並未對所有衍生性金融負 債要求依合約到期日揭露 若合約到期日為瞭解衍生 性金融負債現金流量時點 的基本時,應依合約到期 日揭露(例如放款承諾、 避險交易) 基於剩餘合約到期日 包括已發出之財務保證合約,其最大保證金額應列入最早可能提出請求履行保證之期間
金融負債之到期分析(IFRS 7.39, B11 &B11D) 個案釋例(摘自會計研究發展基金會國際財務報導準則第7號 個案釋例初稿釋例三) 丙公司使用利率交換進行淨利差部位之經濟避險。利率交換 並非經常買進賣出之交易。丙公司認為將利率交換之現金流 量納入流動性風險到期分析對於財務報表使用者瞭解現金流 量之時點而言係屬必要。 下列示丙公司20X2年12月31日金融負債之名目金額及相關資 料:
金融負債之到期分析(IFRS 7.39, B11 &B11D)(續) 浮動利率金融負債每月依照事先重設之基準利率按月付息, 本金於一年後一次償還。導期間結束日之遠期殖利率曲線如 下:
金融負債之到期分析(IFRS 7.39, B11 &B11D)(續) 利率交換每季以淨額交割,依據報導期間結束日之遠期殖利 率曲線決定之所有利率交換負債之未折現來現金流量如下 (負數代表現金流入):
金融負債之到期分析(IFRS 7.39, B11 &B11D)(續) 流動性風險:到期分析 應支付利息以報導期間結束日之殖利率曲線決定,並以名目本金乘上利率與天數 計算: 1-3月金額:
金融負債之到期分析(IFRS 7.39, B11 &B11D)(續) 3-12月金額: 未折現預期現金流量: 20X3年3月=$600 20X3年6、 9與12月=$500+$400+$350=$1,250 20X4年3月至20X5年12月= $300+$200+$100+$50-$100-$150-$250-$300= $(150)
金融工具之風險性質及程度 數量化揭露 市場風險(包含利率、匯率及其他價格風險) 每一類型市場風險之敏感度分析 對損益及權益之影響 敏感度分析所使用之方法及假設 方法及假設之改變 敏感度分析反映各項風險變動互相關聯性(例如風險值 (value at risk))可以取代上述敏感度分析 解釋此分析之方法及假設 此方法採用之目的及可能會造成此資訊未能完全反映金融資產及負 債之公允價值之限制
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40) 個案釋例(改寫自會計研究發展基金會國際財務報導準則第7 號個案釋例初稿釋例四) 丁公司預期於報導期間結束日相關風險變數之合理可能變動 如下: 假設稅率為17%且具有相關風險變數之金融工具如下: 分類為持有供交易之NTD計價上市股票,帳面金額為 NT$500,000,000。 分類為備供出售之NTD計價上市股票,帳面金額為 NT$20,000,000。
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) NTD計價之固定利率現金存款,帳面金額為 NT$1,245,000,000,該現金存款分類為放款及應收款, 每年報酬率為10%,該存款於年初認列。 NTD計價國庫券,固定利率每年12%,帳面金額為NT$ 765,000,000,該債券指定為透過損益按公允價值衡量, 當市場利率變動100個基點時,相當於該債券公允價值 4%之變動。 本年初原始認列之美金計價固定利率借款100,000,000, 利率為10%,該借款分類為以攤銷後成本衡量之負債,於 報導期間內之加權平均匯率為NT$30:US$1,該借款係 指定為國外營運機構淨投資避險,其年末帳面金額為 NT$2,900,000,000(以收盤匯率NT$29:US$1,換算 US$100,000,000)
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) NTD計價浮動利率借款金額為NT$350,000,000,分類為 攤銷後成本衡量之負債,該借款於年初產生,金額為 NT$350,000,000。每季浮動利率按前一報導期間利率預 先重設如下: 丁公司希望依風險變數編製敏感度分析,本例暫時忽略比較資訊。 以下係依IFRS 7.40規定表達計算市場風險之敏感度分析。
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) NTD市場利率 項目1、2、3在NTD市場利率變動時並不影響損益或權益,項 目3之情況下,分類為放款及應收款之NTD計價固定利率現金 存款在市場利率發生特定合理可能變動時不影響損益或權益, 因其既不以公允價值衡量,亦不包含變動現金流量。 項目4,NTD計價固定利率公債係指定為公允價值變動列入損 益,在敏感度分析中,損益將增減NT$30,600,000 (NT$765,000,000×4%)。 項目5,指定為外幣風險避險工具之美金計價固定利率負債, 外幣帳面金額以攤銷後成本衡量,此負債在市場利率變動之 情況下不影響損益或權益,因其既未以公允價值衡量,亦未 包含變動現金流量。 項目6,NTD計價浮動利率借款則受浮動利率之影響,若市場 利率於期中變動100個基點,則利息現金流量之敏感度為增減 NT$3,500,000(NT$350,000,000 ×1%)。
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) 國庫券資產與所發行之浮動利率借款對於利率所造成之損益 影響具有相同方向之敏感度,當利率上揚,國庫券資產價值 下降,產生損失(列入損益),而浮動利率借款則產生較高利息 費用(列入損益);當利率下跌時亦有相反情況。因NTD市場利 率變動所產生之總損益敏感度為稅後增減NT$28,303,000 (NT($30,600,000+$3,500,000) ×(1-17%))。 NTD股票價格 項目3-6於NTD股票價格變動時不影響損益或權益。 項目1,分類為持有供交易之NTD上市股票投資之損益敏感度 為增減NT$40,000,000(NT$500,000,000×8%)。 項目2,分類為備供出售之NTD上市股票投資之權益敏感度為 增減NT$16,000,000(NT$200,000,000×8%)。
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) NTD股票價格(續) 因NTD股票價格變動所造成之總損益敏感度為稅後增減 NT$40,000,000(假設證券交易所得免稅)。 因NTD股票價格變動所造成之總權益敏感度為稅後增減 NT$16,000,000(假設證券交易所得免稅)。 NTD/USD匯率 項目1、2、3、4與6不因NTD/USD匯率變動而影響損益或權 益。
市場風險揭露:敏感度分析(IFRS 7.40)(續) NTD/USD匯率(續) 項目5,美金計價借款之權益敏感度為增減NT$435,000,000 (NT$2,900,000,000×15%) ,係於報導期間結束日重新換算該 負債之影響。年度中依不同匯率認列利息現金流量之損益敏 感度計算為US$100,000,00×10%利率×當年度加權平均匯率 NT$30:US$1×敏感度變動15%=NT$45,000,000。 因NTD/USD匯率變動造成之總損益敏感度為稅後增減NT$ 37,350,000(NT$45,000,000)×(1-17%))。 因NTD/USD匯率變動造成之總權益敏感度為稅後增減 NT$361,050,000(NT$435,000,000×(1-17%))。
證交所我國採用IFRSs問答集(2012.4.9) 問題內容:根據IFRS 1 第21段之規定,為遵循國際會計準則 第1 號,企業按國際財務報導準則首編之財務報表應至少包括 三期財務狀況表、兩期綜合損益表、兩期單獨損益表(若有 提出者)、兩期現金流量表以及兩期股東權益變動表與包含 比較資訊在內之相關附註。針對IFRS 7 相關之風險管理量化 揭露,是否需比照IFRS 1 第21段之規定,揭露轉換日 (2012.01.01)之比較資訊? 回答:有關IFRS 7規範風險管理量化資訊之揭露,應配合 IFRS 1財務狀況表列示轉換日之內容,揭露比較資訊。
IFRS 9 金融工具:分類與衡量 準則簡介 相關問答集 實務應用問題
IFRS9與IAS39分類差異 現行IAS 39金融資產分類 持有至到期日 放款及應收款 以交易為目的 公允價值變動 列入損益 債務商品 列入當期損益 攤銷後成本 公允價值變動 列入 其他綜合淨利 IFRS 9分類 以交易為目的 公允價值變動 列入損益 債務商品 權益商品 備供出售
股權投資公允價值得選擇列於其他綜合淨利項目 IFRS9分類判別標準 企業管理金融工具經營模式 選擇公允價值表達 + = 攤銷後成本 合約現金流量特性(SPPI) 股權投資公允價值得選擇列於其他綜合淨利項目 其他金融工具 股權投資 衍生性金融商品 債券金融商品? 公允價值衡量 =
IFRS將無報價之權益工具及其所連結之衍生性商品得以成本認列之規定刪除 ,但若成本約當市價則可採用成本做為公平價值 分類與衡量 權益工具投資 權益工具投資非以交易為目的 不可回復 以單一工具基礎衡量 股利收入列於損益 無須評估減損 處分損益處理與評價方式一致 公允價值變動 列於損益 公允價值變動 列於股東權益 IFRS將無報價之權益工具及其所連結之衍生性商品得以成本認列之規定刪除 ,但若成本約當市價則可採用成本做為公平價值
IFRS 9有限度修正暫行決議 針對合格債務工具(Eligible debt instruments,係指合約現 金流量僅反應利息及本金者)投資新增FVOCI金融資產種類 FVOCI債務工具將透過OCI以公允價值評價,利息及折溢價攤 銷將反應於損益,出售損益將反應於損益。 將分類為FVOCI之合格債務工具係以收取合約現金流量及出 售金融資產兩者為商業模式之債務工具投資。
IFRS 9有限度修正暫行決議 債務工具IFRS 9 FVOCI與IAS 39 AFS之比較: IAS 39 AFS 新FVOCI 是否不同? 適用於一般非衍生性債務工具(但嵌入式衍生工具可能須分離認列)。 僅適用於合格債務工具。 是 企業得於原始認列時,指定非衍生性金融資產為AFS。 若符合分類為FVOCI之標準,應分類為FVOCI。意即符合商業模式之合格債務工具應分類為FVOCI。 非衍生性金融資產若未分類為放款及應收款、HTM、FVTPL者,應分類為AFS(即AFS係一residual category) 。 FVTPL為residual category,而非FVOCI,亦即無法分類為攤銷後成本或FVOCI者,才分類為FVTPL。 於資產負債表以公允價值衡量。 否 註:上表僅適用債務工具,IFRS 9權益工具之FVOCI不適用。
IFRS 9有限度修正暫行決議(續) 債務工具IFRS 9 FVOCI與IAS 39 AFS之比較:(續) IAS 39 AFS 是否不同? 除減損損失及兌換損益認列於P/L外,公允價值變動認列於OCI。 除信用減損損失認列於P/L外,公允價值變動認列於OCI。IASB尚未討論兌換損益之處理,惟基於IAS 21對於貨幣性資產的規定及FVOCI將利息及折溢攤反應於損益的原則,KPMG預期兌換損益之處理將相同。 待釐清 減損損失採用已發生損失模式且以公允價值為基礎衡量。 信用減損損失及迴轉以同於攤銷後成本衡量金融資產減損之方法認列。惟IASB目前刻正發展預期損失模式。 是 利息收入以有效利息法認列(同以攤銷後成本衡量之金融資產) 。 利息收入以有效利息法認列(同以攤銷後成本衡量之金融資產) 否 除列時,原認列於OCI之損益將反應於P/L。 註:上表僅適用債務工具,IFRS 9權益工具之FVOCI不適用。
IFRS 9 轉換期貨商應注意事項 IFRS 9金融工具之分類方式與ROC GAAP No. 34不同,應於 首次適用IFRS 9時進行重分類。 期貨商首應辨識公司管理金融資產之經營模式,該經營模 式係由主要管理階層所決定。經營模式並非取決於管理階 層對單一工具之意圖,亦即非按逐項工具分類,而應按較 高彙總層級決定。 次應辨識各金融資產是否符合收取合約現金流量特性(SPPI criteria) 上述金融工具分類應建立相關政策、辦法及會計處理程序 過去將興櫃及未上市櫃權益工具投資列為以成本衡量之股權 商品投資,然而IFRS 9規定權益投資皆應以公允價值衡量。 因此,期貨商應建立評價模型對其評價。針對評價模型的建 立、驗證、變更等應建立相關政策及辦法。
IFRS 9 金融工具:分類與衡量 準則簡介 相關問答集 實務應用問題
證交所我國採用IFRSs問答集(2012.4.9) 問題內容:對於我國於民國102年將適用之國際財務報導準則 中,有部分因IFRS 9延後適用,連帶目前金管會所發布之部 分準則 ( 例如IAS 1、IFRS 1 和IFRS 7 ) 中,有部分條文不適 用,且該部分回歸IAS 39規定部分又無中文翻譯,是否會發 布? 問題內容:以金管會目前所認可發布之2010年版IFRS 1為例, 因IFRS 9延後適用,故IFRS 1. D19A - D19C不適用,此部分 原則上應回歸之前對IAS 39之相關規定,但並無中文版可供 使用。 回答:俟基金會完成翻譯之程序,將儘速上網公布2010年 藍本。(已公布)
證交所我國採用IFRSs問答集(2012.4.9) 問題內容:盈餘分配係以本期損益或加計其他綜合損益後之 餘額為基礎?IFRS 9策略性投資之評價調整或後續出售損益 皆認列於其他綜合淨利項下,是否可用作盈餘分配? 回答:現行我國已有「不直接列入損益而直接列入股東權 益」類似其他綜合損益(OCI)之情形,如備供出售金融資產 之未實現損益,而我國現行盈餘分配既非本期損益亦非加 計其他綜合損益(OCI)之餘額為基礎,係以累積未分配盈餘 為基礎,前開列入股東權益其他項目,並不得作為盈餘分 配,直至該項目經處分轉入本期損益再轉入保留盈餘時, 始可進行盈餘分派。採用IFRSs後,列入OCI項目將比照現 行作法,即待OCI進入保留盈餘(不論是否經由損益進入保 留盈餘)後,始可作盈餘分派之一部分。
證交所我國採用IFRSs問答集(2012.4.9) 問題內容:目前編製準則針對股票之評價係以收盤價為公允 價值,惟IFRS 9規範應以Bid 或Ask 為評價。請問未來適用 IFRS 之後,股票之公允價值評價是否仍以收盤價為依據? 回答:國內上市櫃公司之公允價值可採用收盤價。
金管會服務中心電話紀錄彙總問答集(100.6.8~10.19) 問題內容:若處分「透過損益按公允價值衡量之金融資產」 或「透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之金融資產」,帳上 因按公允價值衡量而分別列入損益或其他綜合損益之評價調 整應如何處理? 回答:IFRS 9第B5.12段規定,列報於其他綜合損益中之 金額後續不得移轉至損益,惟企業可於權益內移轉累積利 益或損失。故若處分「透過損益按公允價值衡量之金融資 產」,帳上之評價調整應列入損益;若處分「透過其他綜 合損益按公允價值衡量之金融資產」,帳上之評價調整應 轉列保留盈餘。
金管會服務中心電話紀錄彙總問答集(100.6.8~10.19) 問題內容:企業投資同一公司同種股票是否得分列不同目的 持有? 回答:IFRSs並未明文禁止投資同一標的股票分列不同目 的持有,惟企業若將同一標的股票分列不同目的持有,應 注意是否符合IFRS 9第B4.1段及第B4.2段以經營模式及判 斷層級之要求,倘無適當之專業判斷及會計政策,則不宜 將同種股票分列不同類標的。
金管會服務中心電話紀錄彙總問答集(100.6.8~10.19) 問題內容:公司帳列之「備供出售之金融資產」及「以成本 衡量之金融資產」,於IFRS 9下應如何分類? 回答:公司帳列之「備供出售之金融資產」及「以成本衡 量之金融資產」應依IFRS 9第4.1至4.4段之規定分類為 「按攤銷後成本衡量之金融資產」或「透過損益按公允價 值衡量之金融資產」;若公司帳列之金融資產為權益工具 投資,且非持有供交易者,得依IFRS 9第5.4.4段之規定, 選擇分類為「透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之金融資 產」,惟此為不可撤銷之選擇(該選擇一經選定不可撤 銷)。
金管會服務中心電話紀錄彙總問答集(100.6.8~10.19) 問題內容:有關備供出售之金融資產於IFRSs開帳日重分類後, 資產負債表上之評價調整以及股東權益項下之備供出售金融 資產未實現損益應如何處理? 回答:備供出售之金融資產於IFRSs開帳日重分類後,依 IFRS 9之規定可分為公允價值或攤銷後成本入帳。如以公 允價值入帳者,其會計處理方式將以該資產之淨額﹙原帳 上金額加計評價調整)入帳,而股東權益項下之備供出售資 產未實現損益則計入保留盈餘。如以攤銷後成本入帳者, 原則上需以有效利率法追溯調整,但若於實務上不可行, 根據IFRS 9 第8.2.10段規定,企業應以該金融資產之公允 價值作為開帳日之新攤銷後成本。
金管會服務中心電話紀錄彙總問答集(100.6.8~10.19) 問題內容:依IFRS 9規定,可否將原為透過損益按公允價值 (FVTPL)衡量之金融資產,重分類為透過其他綜合損益按公允 價值(FVTOCI)衡量之金融資產? 回答:1.依IFRS 5.4.4段規定,對於非屬持有供交易之權益 工具投資,企業於原始認列時,可做一不可撤銷之選擇, 將其後續公允價值變動列報於其他綜合損益中。2.又依 IFRS 9第BC86段(d)之說明,有少數回應者認為若企業開 始或停止以交易目的持有投資時,應可將權益工具重分類 為透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之種類,或自透過其 他綜合損益按公允價值衡量重分類為其他種類。惟理事會 決議該選擇必須為不可撤銷,以使其應用附帶管制。理事 會亦提及選擇將金融資產指定按公允價值衡量亦為不可撤 銷。3. 依前段說明,IFRS 9並未允許原為透過損益按公允 價值衡量之金融資產,重分類為透過其他綜合損益按公允 價值衡量之金融資產。
IFRS 9 金融工具:分類與衡量 準則簡介 相關問答集 實務應用問題
背景:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本 Module Title - To be updated by Global Audit L& D 28/11/2018 背景:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本 IFRS 9之5.1.1 規定:於原 始認列時,企業應按公允價 值衡量金融資產,若非屬透 過損益按公允價值衡量之金 融資產則應加計直接可歸屬 於取得金融資產之交易成本。 Financial Instruments Technical Update 2011
釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本 Module Title - To be updated by Global Audit L& D 28/11/2018 釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本 企業A及企業B於原始認列時將一權益工具分類為透過其他綜 合損益按公允價值衡量之金融資產(FVOCI) 企業A於取得時產生交易成本,而企業B於出售時產生交易成 本 問題1:原始取得分類為FVOCI之權益工具所產生之交易成本應認列於其他綜合損益或損益? 問題2: 出售分類為FVOCI之權益工具所產生之交易成本應認列於其他綜合損益或損益? Financial Instruments Technical Update 2011
釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本(解答) Module Title - To be updated by Global Audit L& D 28/11/2018 釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本(解答) 問題1:原始取得分類為FVOCI之權益工具所產生之交易成本應認列於其他綜合損益或損益? 交易成本於原始認列時應認列為其他綜合損益,因該投資原 始係以公允價值加計交易成本衡量,但後續係以公允價值衡 量。 Financial Instruments Technical Update 2011
釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本(解答) Module Title - To be updated by Global Audit L& D 28/11/2018 釋例1:透過其他綜合損益按公允價值衡量之權益工具交易成本(解答) 問題2: 出售分類為FVOCI之權益工具所產生之交易成本應認列於其他綜合損益或損益? IFRS 9並未提供明確的指引 處分時所產生之交易成本應認列為損益,因準則並未特別允 許或要求應表達於其他綜合損益 Financial Instruments Technical Update 2011
背景:合約支付金額之變動 改變本金或利息之支付時點 或支付金額之合約條款並不 符合SPPI準則,除非該合約 條款為 變動利率以作為對與流通 在外本金金額相關之貨幣 時間價值及信用風險之對 價;或 符合條件之提前還款、展 期或賣回特性 A contractual term that changes the timing or amount of payments does not meet the SPPI criterion unless it is a variable interest rate that represents consideration for the time value of money and credit risk (see Insights paragraph 7A.90 for details) or is a qualifying prepayment, term extension or put feature (see Insights paragraph 7A.110 for details). [IFRS 9.B4.1.12] Contractual terms that might cause the SPPI criterion to be failed may include changes in cash flows that are contingent on future events; or options that are held by either party © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例2:合約支付金額之變動 一僅要求依其名目貨幣支付流通在外本金及其利息之放款 該放款之合約條款允許借款人以其他特定貨幣償還放款 任何此類貨幣之變動皆需經過貸款人的同意 問題:此一未來可能之變動是否應納入SPPI之分析? Fact pattern: A loan requires solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding in the currency in which it is denominated. However, the contractual terms of the loan include a provision that it is possible for the borrower to repay the loan in one of a number of different specified currencies. However, any such change in the currency requires approval by the lender. Question: Is the possibility of repayment in a different currency something that should be considered in determining the contractual cash flow characteristics of the loan? © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
此一放款未來之貨幣變動(計息基礎或到期償還)是否應納入原始認列時之SPPI分析? 釋例2:合約支付金額之變動(解答) 此一放款未來之貨幣變動(計息基礎或到期償還)是否應納入原始認列時之SPPI分析? 若該現金流量改變係 合約一方單方面之選擇;或 合約之一方可能提出且他方無拒絕的自由 yes no 合約雙方後續是否同意改變合約條款? 無須處理 現有之金融資產是否被除列並由新的金融資產代替? 認列新的金融資產;其分類依據: 修改後之合約條款;及 當時之經營模式 若該未來可能現金流量改變係 由合約之一方提出;且 他方可自由且無條件的選擇接受與否 Solution: Generally the parties to a contract always have the ability to agree to modify the terms at a later date and such changes are not anticipated. A possible change of terms that is subject to the future free and unconstrained mutual agreement of both parties is not a cash flow characteristic that is included in the initial SPPI assessment. The possible future change in currency would not be included in the SPPI assessment if the loan agreement allows the borrower to propose at a future date a change in currency of the loan but the lender has a free and unconditional choice whether to accept or reject the change. If the parties do subsequently agree to change the terms, then it would be necessary to consider whether the existing financial asset should be derecognised and replaced with a new financial asset that is classified based on the modified contractual terms and the objective of the business model at that time. For example, if the parties agree to change the cash flow characteristics of a financial asset measured at amortised cost such that they no longer meet the SPPI criterion, the original financial asset should be derecognised and the new modified financial assets should be recognised at fair value. In contrast, a change in cash flows that is a unilateral choice of one party or which one party may propose and the other party does not have the unfettered discretion to reject is a characteristic that is included in the SPPI assessment. For example, if the borrower could propose a change in the currency and the lender could not withhold unconditionally its consent, then the potential change in cash flows would be included in the SPPI assessment. [IFRS 9.B4.1.12} © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
背景:展期選擇權 展期選擇權、提前還款選擇權、可賣回工具僅於下列條件同 時成立時符合SPPI準則 該特性並非取決於未來事項,或若取決於未來事件則其係 為 在發行人之信用惡化或控制權變動時,保護持有人;或 在相關稅賦或法令變動時,保護持有人或發行人 就展期選擇權而言, 其所產生之展延期間合約現金流量,完全為支付流通在外本金及其 利息; 就提前還款或賣回特性而言, 該提前還款金額幾乎代表尚未支付之本金及利息,該金額可能包含 提前終止合約之合理額外報酬; Provide an overview of term extension options and IFRS 9 guidance in B4.1.10 and B4.1.11 (please see above) © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例3:展期選擇權 D銀行發行一五年期、固定利率5%之可展延存款 於第五年底,該銀行可無條件選擇以固定利率(例如5%)展延 該存款五年 該銀行僅於當時市場五年期存款利率高於前述存款合約固定 利率時,可能會選擇執行該展期選擇權 問題: 此依可展期存款合約現金流量是否符合IFRS 9定義之SPPI? Fact pattern: Bank D issues extendible deposits with a five year tenor and a fixed coupon rate. At the end of the five years, the Bank has the option to extend the deposits at the initial fixed coupon rate for an additional five years. For example, the initial rate was 5% and upon expiration of the initial five year duration the market rate is 7%. The Bank has an option to extend the deposit at the initial rate of 5%. It is assumed that the Bank would only choose to exercise the extension option if the current market rate was greater than the initial rate. Question: Are the contractual cash flows of the extendible deposits solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding as defined in IFRS 9? © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
ü 釋例3:展期選擇權(解答) 該展期選擇權並不會被認定為取決於利率之變動,因為 選擇權之執行除時間之經過外,並未包含其他條件 並未允許或要求僅於或有事件發生或不發生時方才還款; SPPI標準並未要求 展期選擇權執行後之利息支付須重新設定為當時市場利率 (與IAS 39不同) 展延期間之合約現金流量符合SPPI,因為 利率已於承作時固定且未有槓桿; 合約條款要求於承作時支付金額及於到期時返還本金;且 未有其他現金流量之要求或其他或有特性 General consideration: A holder or issuer may be motivated to exercise a put, call or extension feature because of movements in market rates of interest. In our view, the assessment as to whether a feature is contingent on future events, such as movements in interest rates, for the purposes of applying the SPPI criterion is determined not by reference to which events might influence the holder’s behaviour but rather by reference to whether the contractual terms permit or require repayment only if the contingent event does or does not take place. Also, unlike the analysis under IAS 39 as to whether an extension option is closely related, the SPPI criterion in IFRS 9 does not require that payments of interest following exercise of an extension option are repriced to a current market rate. Solution: The bank’s extension option is not considered contingent on movements in interest rates since the terms of the extendible deposit contain no conditions as to exercise other than the passage of time. Since the coupon rate is fixed at the inception of the deposit and is not leveraged and the contractual terms require the payment at inception and repayment at maturity of the principal amount and contain no other cash flow requirements or contingent features, it is appropriate to conclude that the contractual cash flows during the extension period are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. ü © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
背景:LOBO工具之分類 改變本金或利息之支付時點或支付金額之合約條款並不符合 SPPI準則,除非該合約條款為 變動利率以作為對與流通在外本金金額相關之貨幣時間價 值及信用風險之對價;或 符合條件之提前還款、展期或賣回特性 提前還款選擇權、可賣回工具僅於下列條件同時成立時符合 SPPI準則 該特性並非取決於未來事項,或若取決於未來事件則其係 為 在發行人之信用惡化或控制權變動時,保護持有人;或 在相關稅賦或法令變動時,保護持有人或發行人 該提前還款金額幾乎代表尚未支付之本金及利息,該金額 可能包含提前終止合約之合理額外報酬 (IFRS 9.B4.1.10) These requirements were already presented as background information on previous slides. They are included here to have a comprehensive introduction to the topic. (The guidance above refers to IFRS 9.B4.1.12) © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例4:LOBO工具之分類 一政府機構為取得長期資金而發行一50年期之LOBO 前10年之利率為固定;之後貸款人有權於定期的重設日提出 修改利率 (貸款人之選擇權,lender’s option) 借款人有權決定接受以所提出之利率支付利息或贖回該工具 (借款人之選擇權,borrower’s option) 借款人係以面額贖回且無任何罰款 貸款人之重設權僅限於重設時之市場利率 問題:該LOBO工具是否符合SPPI準則? Fact pattern: LOBO instruments usually have a long maturity, 30 to 70 years. The interest is fixed for a certain period (usually up to 10 years), after which the lender has the right to propose to revise the rate at periodic reset dates, and the borrower has the right to decide whether to pay the proposed rate or redeem the instrument. The repayments are at par without any penalty for the borrower. The lender’s reset rights are limited to the market rate at the time of revision. LOBO is mainly offered to municipalities or governmental bodies that are required to have secure, long term funding. Typically, the lender is expected to maximise its income by keeping the rate on the instrument unchanged during periods when interest rates are falling and raise the rate during periods when interest rates are rising. When the lender raises the rate it would generally raise it to a point a little below the market rate at that time in order to create an incentive for the borrower to accept the rate increase rather than paying back the loan. Question: Could LOBO instruments qualify for subsequent measurement at amortised cost based on their contractual cash flow characteristics in accordance with IFRS 9 © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
ü 釋例4:LOBO工具之分類(解答) 貸款人於重設日將利率重設為市場利率之選擇權符合SPPI準 則,因為 其為代表貨幣時間價值及信用風險對價之變動利率 借款人之提前還款選擇權符合SPPI準則,因為 該提前還款選擇權僅取決於 (a) 貸款人之選擇及 (b) 符合SPPI準則之利率變動;且 提前還款金額幾乎代表尚未支付之本金及利息 因變動利率係流通在外本金之貨幣時間價值及信用風險對價, 故符合SPPI準則。 Solution: Lender’s option: The lender’s right to change the interest rate may change the amount of contractual cash flows. Such variability has to be tested against the requirements in paragraph B4.1.12(a). This paragraph stipulates that if a variable interest rate is consideration for the time value of money and the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding, such a contractual term is in line with the SPPI condition. The lender’s option therefore would be in line with the SPPI criterion (under the assumption that the lender’s reset rights are limited to the market rate at the time of revision). Borrower’s option The prepayment amount is within the parameters of the SPPI condition (B4.1.10(b)) since the borrower would repay at par if it chooses to exercise the prepayment option. Another question however is whether the borrower’s right to prepay would be considered contingent and violate B4.1.10(a). Paragraph B 4.1.10(a) lists circumstances where a contingent prepayment option would be acceptable. However, the sub-paragraph does not define what it means to ‘be contingent on future events’. The borrower’s prepayment option is exercisable only if the lender proposes to change the interest rate. The lender’s proposal is a choice of the lender but is constrained by movements in market interest rates. IAS 32.25 describes a contingent settlement provision as being one conditional on the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events or circumstances that are beyond the control of both the issuer and the holder of an instrument. Whether the lender proposes to change the increase rate is a choice of the lender. The constraint on that choice is that the proposal is compliant with B4.1.12(a). Thus, this constraint does not introduce any risk that is inconsistent with the SPPI principle. Therefore IOV the prepayment option would not be considered a contingent prepayment option that violates B4.1.10. In contrast, a prepayment option that is exercisable only if a commodity price index exceeds a certain threshold would be considered contingent and would violate B4.1.10 since it would depend on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event which is beyond the control of both the issuer and the holder and the event is not a change that is consistent with the SPPI principle or sanctioned by any element of the SPPI test. ü © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例5:可提前償還資產(prepayable asset)之重大溢價 該有價證券原始係以面額(100)發行 且提前以面額(100)償還 提前償還可能導致A損失部份之原 始投資(10);該提前償還之條件在 其他方面符合SPPI準則 Fact pattern: Company A acquires a security in the secondary market at a premium to par (110). The security was initially issued at par (100) and is prepayable at par (100). Assume that the prepayment conditions are otherwise compliant with the SPPI criterion. Prepayment could result in A losing some of its initial investment (10). Question: Can the instrument meet the SPPI criterion? 問題:此一工具是否符合SPPI準則? © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例5:可提前償還資產(prepayable asset)之重大溢價(解答) 因該提前償還金額為實際發行工具之流通在外本金,故符合 SPPI準則 Solution: Yes, the SPPI criterion is met, since the prepayment represents the principal amount outstanding on the actual instrument issued. Note that under IAS 39, the security as a whole would not qualify as loans and receivables since the holder may not recover substantially all of its initial investment. Moreover, IAS 39.AG33(a) would require separation of the embedded derivative as the prepayment option could require the combined instrument to be settled in such a way that the holder would not recover substantially all of its recognised investment. Furthermore, IAS 39.AG30(g) states that a prepayment option embedded in a host debt contract would require separation unless the option’s exercise price is approximately equal on each exercise date to the amortised cost of the host debt instrument. ü © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
背景:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成 分級證券僅於符合下列所有條件時始符合SPPI準則 分級證券本身之合約條款(未深入檢視其標的群組) 產生之現金流量完全為支付本金及流通在外本金金額之利息; 產生現金流量之標的群組僅包含或可能於未來包含 符合SPPI準則之金融工具; 上述金融工具與其他金融工具之結合,該結合產生之現金流量符合 SPPI準則;或 使分級證券之現金流量趨近標的群組現金流量之工具; 分級證券對標的金融工具群組信用風險固有之暴險,係等 於或低於標的金融工具群組之信用風險之暴險 The standard provides specific guidance for circumstances in which an entity prioritises payments to holders of multiple contractually linked instruments that create concentrations of credit risk, i.e. tranches. The right to payments on more junior tranches (i.e. exposed to more credit risk) depends on the issuer’s generation of sufficient cash flows to pay more senior tranches. A look-through approach is required to determine whether the SPPI criterion is met. [IFRS 9.B4.1.20-26] A tranche can meet the SPPI criterion only if all the following conditions are met: the contractual terms of the tranche itself (without looking through to the underlying pool of financial instruments) give rise to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; the pool that generates cash flows does and may in the future contain only financial instruments that themselves meet the SPPI criterion or a combination of such financial instruments and other financial instruments that together give rise to cash flows that meet the SPPI criterion or instruments that align the cash flows of the pool with those of the tranches the exposure to credit risk inherent in the tranche is equal to or less than the exposure to credit risk of the underlying pool of financial instruments. [IFRS 9.B4.1.21, 23-25] © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例6:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成 特殊目的個體(SPE) Y 發行一 抵押貸款證券(Collateralised Mortgage Securities, CMS) CMS之標的資產群組包含符合 SPPI準則之擔保放款 擔保品包含非金融資產,例如 不動產或其他有形資產 若放款之債務人違約,分級證 券之發行人將取得非金融之擔 保品及除列相關放款 Please see above. Alternative - Collateralised Loan Obligations (CLOs): Similarly, the pool might include a debt security that meets the SPPI criterion but which is restructured if the obligor of the debt security encounters financial difficulties. In this case, the issuer of the tranche might receive new equity or other instruments of the obligor that do not meet the SPPI criterion as a result of a debt-for-equity swap agreed to by a majority of security holders. 問題1:於該合約連結架構成立時投資之CMS是否符合SPPI準則? © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例6:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成(解答) 依KPMG觀點,分級證券發行人取得非金融資產或不符合 SPPI準則之金融工具的可能性並不一定會使該分級證券不符 SPPI準則,因為: 抵押借款或債務工具重整(restructure)之可能性並不會使一 直接投資不符SPPI準則 取得擔保品及未來的重整永遠具有可能性且斷言此一可能 性將使分級證券不符SPPI準則與準則的目的不符 須依實質判斷 Please see above © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例6:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成(解答) 依KPMG觀點,為使分級證券符合SPPI準則: 取得非金融資產或不符SPPI準則之金融資產之能力應有所 限制;及 於執行判斷時應考量以下幾點 投資之授權、相關政策及其於實務上之應用; 投資非金融資產及權益工具禁止之存在及其範圍; 處分擔保品及權益工具投資之價款;及 任何處分利益將導致分攤現金流量至不符SPPI準則之分級證券或僅 分攤至該分級證券以便減少其信用損失淨額 In order to meet the conditions described in the background section [IFRS 9.B4.1.21, 23-25], the investment mandate governing the investments that the issuer could include in the pool would be expected to be narrowly defined. Solution: We believe that an entity should evaluate the relevant facts and circumstances and apply judgement to determine whether the potential ability of an issuer of a tranche to obtain non-financial assets or equity instruments in exchange for financial assets that meet the SPPI criterion means that a tranche does not meet the SPPI criterion. We believe that, in order for a tranche to meet the SPPI criterion, the ability to obtain such assets should be a limited one and the exercise of judgement would include consideration of: the investment mandate and related policies governing the acquisition and disposal of investments held by the issuer and their application in practice; the existence and extent of prohibitions from making investments in non-financial assets and equity instruments. For example, whether the issuer only can obtain such assets through seizure of collateral or debt restructurings occasioned by financial difficulties of the obligor and intended to maximise the recovery of cash flows from qualifying instruments; the process for disposing of collateral and investments in equity instruments; and whether any gains from such disposals result in the allocation of cash flows to the tranche that are not consistent with the SPPI criterion or are only allocated to the tranche so as to reduce net credit losses allocated to the tranche. © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例6:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成(續) 承上例,若於合約連結架構成 立後之某個時點轉手投資分級 債券 因此,發行人已因取得擔保品 而得到非金融資產 Please see above 問題2:於該合約連結架構成立後某個時點投資之CMS是否符合SPPI準則? © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例6:合約連結工具-標的群組之組成(續)(解答) 該企業應考量 前述之因素(詳前兩頁投影片);及 非金融資產相對於整體標的資產群組之重大性 Solution: In this case, as well as the factors above (see slide 21), the entity should additionally consider the significance of the non- qualifying assets in relation to the overall pool in determining whether the tranche meets the SPPI criterion. © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
背景:決定信用風險變動之影響 企業應依下列兩者之一決定指定為透過損益按公允價值衡量 之金融負債之公允價值變動金額中,歸因於該負債之信用風 險變動者: 非歸因於導致市場風險之市場狀況變動所造成之公允價值 變動金額 (市場狀況變動包括指標利率、另一企業之金融工具價格、 商品價格、匯率、價格或費率指數之變動);或 採用某一企業認為更能忠實表述歸因於該負債信用風險變 動所造成之公允價值變動金額之替代方法 前述第一種“預設”之方法僅能於以下情況使用 若某一負債唯一重大攸關之市場狀況變動係觀察到之(指標) 利率之變動 Provide an overview over determining the effects of changes in credit risk (please see above) [IFRS 9.B5.7.16 -19, IE5] © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
背景:決定信用風險變動之影響-預設法 1 2 3 計算 計算方法 執行時點 該工具特有之內部報酬率組成部分 現值 計算該負債期初之內部報酬率減除 期初觀察到之(指標)利率 該工具特有之內部報酬率組成部分 使用該負債之合約現金流量及 以下兩者之和為折現率 期末觀察到之(指標)利率 現值 該負債觀察到之公允價值減除 前一步驟計算之現值 信用風險變動(表達於其他綜合損益) 1 3 2 期間開始時一次 各期期末 Step 計算 計算方法 執行時點 If the only significant relevant changes in market conditions for a financial liability are changes in an observed (benchmark) interest rate, then the amount of fair value changes that is attributable to changes in credit risk may be estimated using the so-called default method, which follows these steps: (1) Calculate the financial liability’s internal rate of return at the start of the period using the financial liability’s fair value and contractual cash flows at that date. Deduct from this internal rate of return the observed (benchmark) interest rate at the start of the period so as to arrive at an instrument-specific component of the internal rate of return. (2) Compute a present value of the cash flows of the financial liability at the end of the period using the financial liability’s contractual cash flows at that date and a discount rate equal to the sum of: – the observed (benchmark) interest rate at that date; and – the instrument-specific component of the internal rate of return determined in step (1). (3) Deduct the present value calculated in step (2) from the fair value of the financial liability at the end of the period. The resulting difference is the change in fair value that is not attributable to changes in the observed (benchmark) interest rate and that is presented in other comprehensive income. [IFRS 9.B5.7.18, B5.7.19, IE5] © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例7:決定信用風險變動之影響 問題:使用預設法計算第1年及第2年之信用風險變動所造成之公允價值變動金額 負債發行期間 發行金額 利息 還款 1000 60 還款 Year 1 2 負債公允價值 Fact pattern: Assume a financial liability that: - is issued for consideration of 1000; has an initial fair value and contractual repayment amount of 1000; has a two-year maturity; pays a coupon of 6 percent at the end of each year; and has a fair value at the end of year one of 1010. The benchmark interest rate throughout the two years remains at 4 percent. The amount of fair value changes that is attributable to changes in credit risk is estimated using the default method. Question: Calculate the amount of fair value changes that is attributable to changes in credit risk for year 1 and 2 using the default method. 1000 1010 1060 指標利率 4% 問題:使用預設法計算第1年及第2年之信用風險變動所造成之公允價值變動金額 © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
釋例7:決定信用風險變動之影響(解答) 依準則之指引字面解釋(10)將不會迴轉 Steps 預設法 發行時 第1年 第2年還款前 第2年還款後 1 該工具特有之內部報酬率組成部分 2% N/A 觀察到之公允價值 1000 1010 1060 - 2 計算而得之現值 3 認列於其他綜合損益之信用風險變動 (當期) (10) (累計) Solution: The example is summarised in the table above. As the first step the instrument-specific component of the internal rate of return is calculated as 2 percent. At the end of year one, the entity discounts the future cash flows at 6 percent (i.e. 4 percent unchanged benchmark interest rate plus 2 percent risk component). The present value at the end of year one under step (2) of the default method is thus 100 after payment of the interest. However, assume that the market spread on the entity’s debt over the benchmark rate has decreased and that the fair value at the end of year one has increased to 1010. Therefore – in accordance with step (3) under the default method – the entity recognises a loss of 10 in other comprehensive income. At the end of year two, both the present value of the cash flows calculated under step (2) of the default method and the fair value of the financial liability are 1060 immediately before repayment and zero immediately after repayment. Applying the wording of the guidance on the default method literally to the second year, the amount included in other comprehensive income for year two would be calculated as zero, meaning that there is no reversal of the loss of 10 recognised in other comprehensive income in year one. 依準則之指引字面解釋(10)將不會迴轉 © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
決定信用風險變動之影響-預設法之缺點(1) 依準則指引字面解釋其他綜合損益將不會迴轉 但企業並不會被強制要求使用預設法 修改為計算自發行日起歸因於負債信用風險變動所造成之公允價值累 計變動金額,將可使認列於其他綜合損益之金額於到期日時回復為零 Steps 修正後預設法 發行時 第1年 第2年還款前 第2年還款後 1 該工具特有之內部報酬率組成部分 2% N/A 觀察到之公允價值 1000 1010 1060 - 2 計算而得之現值 3 認列於其他綜合損益之信用風險變動 (累計) (10) (當期) 10 An entity is not required to apply the default method as described on slide 25. Its application may be modified so as to compute the cumulative change in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk since inception and to allow the amount recognised in other comprehensive income to revert to zero at maturity. This could be done by replacing ‘at the start of the period’ in step (1) of the default method with ‘at inception’ and treating the difference derived in step (3) of the default method as the cumulative amount of fair value changes attributable to changes in credit risk to be presented in other comprehensive income for the whole life to date of the financial liability, rather than the amount to be presented in other comprehensive income for the current period. Using this modified description, the amount presented in other comprehensive income for the current period is the difference between the cumulative amount calculated under step (3) at the end of the current period and the cumulative amount calculated under step (3) at the end of the previous period. 迴轉OCI © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
決定信用風險變動之影響-預設法之缺點(2) 預設法並未包含“指標”利率之定義 一般實務見解包含銀行同業拆放利率,例如針對美元或英 鎊之LIBOR或針對歐元債務之 Euribor 預設法將指標利率視為近似無風險利率 銀行同業拆放利率可能包含市場對銀行信用風險變動的看 法所產生之溢價 準則並未排除使用無風險利率為指標利率或用其他替代方 法排除銀行同業拆放利率之信用組成部分 The default method does not include a definition of ‘benchmark’ interest rate. In practice, it is understood commonly to include inter-bank rates such as LIBOR for US dollar or sterling liabilities, or Euribor for euro liabilities. The default method treats a benchmark interest rate as akin to a risk-free rate and excludes all changes in the benchmark rate as unrelated to, and not part of, changes in the financial liability’s credit risk. However, many consider that inter-bank rates generally include a premium above the highest-quality government bond rates for the same term and currency and this premium may vary with market perceptions of changes in the credit risk of banks. The standard does not preclude using the risk-free rate as a benchmark rate nor using an alternative method that isolates a credit component of an inter-bank rate and includes it in the determination of changes in credit risk if the entity believes that it is a more faithful representation. © 2011 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK registered company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved. Internal use only.
興櫃及未上市櫃股票之分類與衡量 67
興櫃及未上市櫃股票之分類與衡量變革 現行財務報告編製準則 興櫃及未上市櫃股票一律分類為以成本衡量之金融資產 IFRS財務報告編製準則 回歸IAS 39規定 公允價值能可靠衡量者應分類為透過損益按公允價值衡量之金融資產或備供出售金融資產 公允價值無法可靠衡量者歸類為以成本衡量之金融資產 註:上述公允價值無法可靠衡量,依IAS 39.AG80及AG81規定,係指公允價值合理估計數之區間重大,且無法合理評估不同估計數之機率。
公允價值評估決策流程圖 否 是否存在重大無法觀察參數? 公允價值是否為活絡市場的報價? 是 公允價值是否業經調整? 以評價模型衡量 第一級:相同資產或負債於活絡市場之公開報價(未經調整) 以評價模型衡量 是否存在重大無法觀察參數? 否 是 第二級:除包含於第一級之公開報價外,資產或負債直接(即價格)或間接(即由價格推導而得)可觀察參數 第三級:資產或負債之輸入參數非基於可觀察市場資訊(非可觀察參數)
評價技術 市場法 收益法 成本法 使用涉及相同或可比資產及負債之市場交易所產生之價格及其他攸關資訊 將未來金額(例如現金流量或收益及費損)轉換為單一現時(即折現)金額 成本法 收益法 反映現時重置某一資產之服務產能所須之金額(現時重置成本) 38:00
評價技術-股票之評價應用 以承銷券商常用之IPO承銷價格計算模型為例: (市場)比較法 本益比法(P/E): 係依據該公司之財務資料,計算每股盈餘,比較同業公司平均本益比估算股價,最後再調整溢價和折價以反應與同業公司不同之處。 股價淨值比法(P/B):係依據該公司之財務資料,計算每股帳面淨值,比較同業公司平均股價淨值比估算股價。 其他市場倍數法。 收益法 現金流量折現法:係根據該公司未來預估之獲利及現金流量,以涵蓋風險的折現率來折算現金流量,同時考慮實質現金及貨幣之時間價值。 成本法 淨值法: 以帳面之歷史成本資料為公司價值評定之基礎,即以資產負債表帳面資產總額減去帳面負債總額,並考量資產及負債之市場價格而進行帳面價值之調整;
興櫃及非上市櫃股票之公允價值衡量 企業應依IFRS 7.27A規定的三個公允價值層級評估興櫃及非 上市櫃股票是否有公允價值,並應有相關評估文件 不應逕將所有興櫃及非上市櫃股票,皆主張無法以公允價 值衡量 亦不宜僅以興櫃股票並無相當之交易量,主張該興櫃股票 無法以公允價值衡量,因為興櫃股票交易量僅為公允價值 第一等級衡量之參考
興櫃及非上市櫃股票之公允價值衡量(續) 如何判斷興櫃股票之交易量是否活絡? 企業應決定適當之會計政策(例如月平均交易量占該個股之 流通在外股數之一定比率。如可參考台灣上市櫃公司同產 業月平均交易量比率),一致適用於所有興櫃股票,且經決 定後不宜任意變更。
興櫃及非上市櫃股票之公允價值衡量(續) 一旦決定興櫃股票之交易量係屬活絡,是否後續得逕依興櫃 股票之價格作為公允價值? 不宜。應定期(至少每季)檢視興櫃股票之價格是否仍屬 活絡市場報價,若後續期間交易量非屬活絡時,仍應依 「公允價值評估決策流程圖」決定適當之公允價值,即改 採第二層級公允價值或第三層級公允價值之評估模式決定 公允價值,及作必要揭露。 若經評估興櫃股票之交易量係屬活絡,是否得不採用該收盤 價,而選擇採其他評價模型決定該股票之公允價值? 不宜。活絡市場之公開報價為金融工具公允價值之最佳證 據。如該報價可得時,應優先於其他公允價值採用。
興櫃及非上市櫃股票之公允價值衡量(續) 同一企業(集團)是否得針對同一投資標的,依金融資產之持有 意圖,決定不同之公允價值? 不宜。金融資產可依持有意圖將其作不同之分類,惟該分 類不影響公允價值之決定,故企業(集團內)對同一標的 所評估之公允價值應相同。 原以公允價值衡量之股票,是否得重分類為以成本衡量之金 融資產? 不宜。興櫃(含)以下股票亦應以公允價值衡量,若經評 估其公允價值無法可靠衡量而以成本作為其公允價值時 (在極少數情況下),始應將該類股票表達於「以成本衡 量之金融資產」項下。另重分類之理由應予以揭露。
主張公允價值無法可靠衡量之評估文件 企業如何舉證金融資產之公允價值無法可靠衡量? IAS 39及KPMG Insights into IFRS之指引: 金融工具之市場若不活絡,應以評價方法估計其公允價 值 評價方法包括參考相同金融工具之近期市場交易價格 (調整交易發生日至評價日間之市場因素變動後之價 格)、類似金融工具之近期市場交易價格(調整被評 價工具之特有因素後之價格)、現金流量折現分析或 選擇權定價模式等。 當以評價技術衡量公允價值時,不可忽視非屬急售交 易之交易價格,即使該交易價格可能需要依無法觀察 之資訊作重大調整。
主張公允價值無法可靠衡量之評估文件(續) 企業如何舉證金融資產之公允價值無法可靠衡量?(續) IAS 39及KPMG Insights into IFRS之指引:(續) 無活絡市場之權益工具豁免採用公允價值之前提: 豁免採用公允價值之適用範圍非常有限。僅於評價方 法所產生之公允價值合理估計數之變異區間相當大且 無法合理評估不同估計之機率時,方得適用。
主張公允價值無法可靠衡量之評估文件(續) 企業如何舉證金融資產之公允價值無法可靠衡量?(續) 國內主管機關: 企業若主張公允價值無法可靠衡量時,至少應舉證: 無近期交易價格可供參考,且 確實無法取得採用特定評價方法(如收益法或市場法) 所需之重要假設或參數,並應詳實記錄其評估依據及 結果。
金融資產之減損評估 採用IFRS時,金融資產分類與採用ROC GAAP相同者 因無GAAP Difference,若於ROC GAAP下評估無減損, 不應於IFRS開帳時主張有減損,若有,似屬ROC GAAP有 錯誤。 採IFRS時,金融資產分類與採用ROC GAAP不同者 於IFRS開帳時宜以IFRS下所分類之金融資產項目,依公司 ROC GAAP原有之減損政策(因無GAAP 差異),追溯重新 評估至開帳時應有之減損。
金融資產之減損評估(續) 採IFRS時,金融資產分類與採用ROC GAAP不同者(續) 所謂減損政策指:「減損客觀證據包括權益工具投資之公 允價值大幅或持久性下跌至低於成本」,其所謂「大幅」 (下跌之百分比)及「持久性」(持續下跌之期間)之標準 IFRS下,權益工具投資一旦發生減損,後續所有損失均應列 為當期損益,若有回升則應認列於OCI,直至該資產除列。
金融資產之減損評估(續) 實務上,原以成本衡量之金融資產於轉換日被重新指定為備 供出售金融資產時,如何追溯重新評估其減損? 依IFRS 1之規定,原則上係追溯至金融資產購入之日,故 無論於轉換日是否有公允價值低於成本之情形,宜自始重 新評估。 建議採下列作法: 若為興櫃股票,則追溯檢視過去交易價格是否為公允價值,以作為 評估減損之基礎。 99年之前原依95.10.05基秘字第243號解釋函規定將所投資之私募 或買賣受限制股票列為以成本衡量之金融資產者,則追溯重新評估 相關上市櫃股票其減損情形。 若公開發行(非上市上櫃亦非興櫃)及非公開發行公司股票淨值遠 低於或持續低於成本時, 則追溯重新評估其減損情形。
興櫃及未上市櫃股票之分類與衡量之影響 針對轉換日持有之興櫃股票,應建立活絡市場之判斷標準以 決定是否可直接採用興櫃價格。所採用之判斷標準應合理、 與市場同業之標準無重大差異且一致採用。 針對無活絡市場之興櫃股票及未上市櫃股票,應建立評價模 型對其評價。所採用之模型應為一般評價實務所採用者、假 設及參數應合理且一致採用。 針對無法可靠衡量公允價值之興櫃股票及未上市櫃股票,應 準備評估文件加以佐證。 針對上述評價作業,應訂定相關內控辦法且集團一致採用。
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Thank You 鍾丹丹,執業會計師 KPMG (02) 8101-6666 ext.03578 phoebechung@kpmg.com.tw www.kpmg.com.tw
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