其他保存方法 Other Preservation Methods 第三部份：食品保存與微生物 其他保存方法 Other Preservation Methods 黃顯宗 東吳大學 M202

教學目標 認識其他食品保存方法與微生物之關係 認識發展中的食品保存方法與微生物之關係

ASEPSIS 避免微生物污染 食物的天然阻隔 如 組織、表皮、硬殼等 加工的無菌操作 包裝處理

Removal of Microorganisms Filtration juice, soft drink, beer, wine, water Centrifugation Sedimentation Washing

High Pressure Processing Shape, color, and nutrients of most foods are not affected. Commercially available in Japan since the early 1990s. Reference

Change in inactivation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii with pressure http://www.wsu.edu/~gmhyde/433_web_pages/433Thermal-nontherm-procesg/HighHydroPressure.html

1個標準大氣壓等於101,325 Pa 0.101325 MPa MPa Psi kg/cm2 kg/in2 1 145 10.19 101945.15 1個標準大氣壓等於101,325 Pa 0.101325 MPa

Control of Listeria in meat by high pressure D value又出現了 http://www.amif.org/AMIFResearch/1AMIpressure.pdf#search='High%20Pressure%20listeria'

Response of Bacteria Mutants resistant to high pressure were found Stress response system stimulated

Pulsed Electric Fields, PEF 短暫高電壓的處理 G＋較 G- 耐性強，更不容易殺死 孢子比營養細胞耐性強 Stationary phase比 log phase 耐性強 傷害細胞膜致細胞死亡 與電的強度、處理時間、處理溫度有關

Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water 是利用稀鹽水加以電解，在陽極產生具pH值在2～6之間、氧化還原電位 (oxidation reduction potential, ORP) 為 +1,000 mV以上，含有效氯並具有殺菌特性之酸性電解水 酸性電解水，具有殺菌能力

Electrolyzed water http://www.ewatersystems.com.au/e-water/electrolyzed-water/how-does-it-work/

電解水處理 Listeria 菌 Liu and Su, 2006

處理 E. coli, Salmonella和 Listeria 菌 Venkitanarayanan et al., 1999

Manothermosonication 或稱為Thermoultrasonication 同時結合熱與超音波處理 Effective in reducing the thermal resistance of enzymes peroxidase, lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase.

Alternative Food Processing Technologies Pulsed Light, Oscillating Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, X-ray…. FDA http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Ecomm/ift-toc.html

PEF處理Listeria菌 Wouters et al., 1999 Inactivation kinetics of L. innocua NCTC 11289 at different electric field strengths. Symbols: ■, 2.0 to 2.1 V/μm;   , 2.3 to 2.5 V/μm; ●, 2.7 to 3.0 V/μm;  , 3.2 to 3.5 V/μm; ■, 3.6 to 3.9 V/μm. The pH of the treatment medium was 5, the conductivity was 0.51 S/m at an inlet temperature of 40°C, and the pulse length was 3.9 μs. The inoculum contained 1.4 × 106 CFU/ml. The results are the means of data from two experiments, and standard deviations are indicated by error bars. Wouters et al., 1999

使用Phages 如針對Listeria, E. coli, Salmonella等 參考文獻

Bacteriocins 細菌形成，如乳酸菌 Protein性質, destroyed by digestive enzymes Nontoxic Heat stable, storage stability No off-flavors or off-odors Narrow spectrum of antimicrobial activity 舉例 Nisin Subtilin, against G+ bacteria, like Nisin 菌種改良 Nisin: bacterocins之酵素

Bacteriocins-Nisin http://ans-bv.nl/Admin/mkstats/usage_200310.html Nisin: bacterocins之酵素 http://ans-bv.nl/Admin/mkstats/usage_200310.html

Bacteriocins Nisin Subtilin Natamycin Tetracyclines Nisin: bacterocins之酵素 Natamycin Tetracyclines