食品掺偽與風險 黃顯宗

毒奶粉事件 2008年中國奶製品污染事件，起因是很多食用三鹿集團生產的奶粉的嬰兒被發現患有腎結石，隨後在其奶粉中被發現化工原料三聚氰胺 截至2008年9月21日，因使用嬰幼兒奶粉而接受門診治療諮詢且已康復的嬰幼兒累計39,965人，正在住院的有12,892人，此前已治癒出院1,579人，死亡4人 另截至到9月25日，香港有5個人、澳門有1人確診患病

毒奶粉事件 http://www.s1979.com/news/china/201110/1218939912.shtml

為何奶粉要添加三聚氰胺？ 因添加三聚氰胺可以誤導測試結果，使其誤認為富含氮的蛋白質，不道德商人便以三聚氰胺當作食品添加劑，企圖瞞天過海，獲取不法利潤

塑化劑事件 台灣在2011年5月底爆發 市面上部分食品遭檢出含有塑化劑，進而被發現部分上游原料供應商在常見的合法食品添加物「起雲劑」中，使用廉價的工業用塑化劑撙節成本

塑化劑事件

毒澱粉 2013年5月13日，行政院食品藥物管理局（食藥局）聲明，少數業者可能使用未經核准在案之順丁烯二酸酐化製澱粉 抽查市售澱粉類產品25件及相關製品49件(總計74件)，其中僅相關製品5件檢出順丁烯二酸(Maleic acid) 皆因上游廠商化製澱粉添加順丁烯二酸導致

毒澱粉

毒澱粉 源於以不可直接加入食品的工業半原料順丁烯二酸酐（Maleic anhydride）或順丁烯二酸(Maleic acid)調製成化製澱粉 衍生商品特性為口感Q彈、久煮不爛，在室溫無密封的環境下可防腐 在烘烤或高溫油炸之下可能使順丁烯二酸被脫水還原成順丁烯二酸酐

順丁烯二酸限量 美國與歐盟允許有限度使用於食物的包材中，容許使用順丁烯二酸酐做為原料生產與食品直接與間接接觸的包裝塑膠性材料與紙板塗料 當包裝材料和食物接觸時，會有少量成分溶入到食物中，因此歐盟訂定「順丁烯二酸」允許量為每天公斤30 mg

假油事件 廠商在橄欖油生産中摻入廉價的棉籽油，再加入香精、銅葉綠素等調色、調味，冒充高檔橄欖油

銅業綠素Chlorophyllin 「銅葉綠素」依規定得添加於口香糖及泡泡糖、膠囊狀、錠狀食品 「銅葉綠素鈉Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin」則可用於乾海帶、蔬菜及水果之貯藏品、烘焙食品、果醬及果凍、調味乳、湯類及不含酒精之調味飲料、口香糖及泡泡糖、膠囊狀、錠狀食品 均訂有使用限量規定

銅業綠素Chlorophyllin 脂溶性

銅業綠素鈉 水溶性

花生油沒花生

「滅頂」 http://ctee.com.tw/Album/Detail.aspx?albumid=9ca623a6-4856-4cef-8734-0c2eef739af6

其他呢

蝦球沒有蝦、雞蛋布丁沒雞蛋

混充米

History 1987: Selling of artificially flavored sugar water as apple juice 1997: Spraying of water on stored grain to increase its weight and value. 2007: Mixing of melamine in wheat gluten in pet foods to produce artificially inflated results from common tests for protein content. 2008: Mixing of melamine in milk and infant formula products. 2012: Milk adulteration with detergent, fat and Urea.

案例 以羊角豆Senna occidentalis冒充咖啡豆 以其他豆科或小麥等冒充法國苦苣 以Diethylene glycol冒充甜酒 其他脂肪加入牛油 明礬加入劣質麵粉 用不合法的Sudan 紅顏料 香腸加入澱粉

案例 山毛櫸堅果粉冒充肉桂粉 糖漿假蜂蜜，假冒楓糖，增加果汁甜度 米粉加入漂白劑 甲醛加入食品防腐，如豆腐 肉品灌水增加重量

Food Adulterants摻假 Replacement with less expensive substitues Addition of inferior substance Removal of valuable ingredients

Food Adulteration Reasons 供不應求 降低成本，以利競爭 賺更多 真原料缺乏，真的太貴 缺乏夠格人員，生產技術低落 對後果食品安全風險缺乏認識 對於食品安全事故缺乏警覺

Adulteration not Additives All additives are not adulterants, if present within the specific limits and once exceeded the limits they become significant adulterants and can cause serious health hazards to the consumers. All additives are not adulterants until reported outbreak of food safety issues occur. Ref: Dr. S. P. Vasireddi ppt

Food Adulterants摻假  Unintentional adulterants Intentional adulterants  

Food Adulterants Injury to health 灑水增重，會助長黃麴菌 Lower nutrition

宣告摻假 加了不適宜或傷害性的物質 以次貨或劣貨取代 有價值的成分被取代 假冒的，模仿的 加入色素或其他有害物質使外觀好看 產品價值比常規低者 不衛生作業者，來自斃死動物者 含有病媒等雜物者 含有毒性物質者

Unintentional adulterants 農藥殘留，蟲鼠異物，昆蟲

Intentional adulterants 土，砂粒，滑石雲母，之類 污物 粉筆灰 水 礦物油 有害顏料 次等或不真實原料

adulterants 即食品含致病菌

Economically Motivated Adulteration（EMA） The fraudulent(欺騙的), intentional substitution or addition of a substance in a product for the purpose of increasing the apparent value of the product or reducing the cost of its production, i.e., for economic gain. EMA includes dilution of products with increased quantities of an already-present substance

Economically Motivated Adulteration Many other types of fraud may even go unnoticed, such as diluted product, country-of-origin labeling fraud or genuine but stolen goods reintroduced to the supply chain. Some well-known recent examples include melamine in infant formula, species substitution in fish and horsemeat in beef products.

巿售魴魚攏係假 http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20150130/36359554/

歐洲馬肉事件

Economically Motivated Adulteration EMA covers all FDA products, including dietary supplements, drugs, medical devices, radiological products, animal and veterinary products, cosmetics and others.

管制責任 政府Statutory & regulatory authorities 工業界 Industry 科學社群Scientific community 消費者Consumers / end-users

政府的責任 Stipulating（規定） the practically feasible rules, requirements and regulations on the adulterants and updating them at regular intervals Stringent monitoring of the implementation Regular interactions with the industry to understand their concerns Ref: Dr. S. P. Vasireddi ppt

Establishing Authenticity: The Role of Standards The Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), published by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), is a compendium of internationally recognized standards designating the identity, quality and purity of more than 1,100 food ingredients.

工業界的責任 To feel more ethical and moral responsibility as food business operator to supply & serve wholesome food to the society Regular updates on the process and allergen related outbreaks in the world Risk assessment for all the ingredients, additives & processing aids and processing Frequent testing of vulnerable ingredients, additives & processing aids for positive clearance Third party auditing of the process to identify existing & probable lacunae (陷阱) of the system Ref: Dr. S. P. Vasireddi ppt

科學社群的責任 To develop validated simple, quick and authentic test procedures to scan the ingredients, additives & processing aids for positive clearance To share the knowledge with the statutory bodies 工商團體and industry Ref: Dr. S. P. Vasireddi ppt

消費者的責任 Proper understanding of the adulteration issues To know difference between the natural and aesthetic attributes （美觀） [texture, appearance & taste] of foods and accepting the natural ones to the extent possible Ref: Dr. S. P. Vasireddi ppt

一心豆干含超量防腐劑 一心豆乾，就讓他倒吧！ http://blog.udn.com/wonghc70/21088035