Short Version : 25. Electric Circuits 短版 : 25. 電路
Electric Circuit = collection of electrical components connected by conductors. 電路 = 一些電元件由導體連在一起。 Examples 例 : Man-made circuits: flashlight, …, computers. 人做的電路:手電筒,… ,電腦。 Circuits in nature: nervous systems, …, atmospheric circuit (lightning). 大自然中的電路:神經系統,… ,大氣電路(閃電) 。
25.1. Circuits, Symbols, & Electromotive Force 電路,符號,和電動勢 Common circuit symbols 常見的電路符號 All wires ~ perfect conductors V = const on wire 全部接線 ~ 完美導體 線上 V = 常數 Electromotive force (emf) = device that maintains fixed V across its terminals. 電動勢(emf) = 端點維持着固定 V 的元件。 E.g., batteries (chemical), 電池(化學作用) , generators (mechanical), 發電機(機械性) , photovoltaic cells (light), 光電壓電池(光), cell membranes (ions). 細胞薄膜(離子) 。
no internal energy loss. 無內部能量消耗。 m ~ q Collisions ~ resistance 碰撞 ~ 電阻 g ~ E Lifting ~ emf 抬起 ~ 電動勢 Ideal emf 理想電動勢: no internal energy loss. 無內部能量消耗。 Energy gained by charge transversing battery = q E ( To be dissipated as heat in external R. ) 電荷在橫渡電池後獲得的能量 = q E ( 將在外部 R 內當熱來消耗掉。) Ohm’s law: 歐姆定律
25.2. Series & Parallel Resistors 串聯和並聯電阻器 Series resistors 串聯電阻器 : I = same in every component 每個元件的 I 都一樣 Same q must go thru every element. 通過每個元件的 q都必需要一樣。 For n resistors in series: n 個串聯電阻器 Voltage divider 分壓器 n = 2 :
Real Batteries 實際的電池 Model of real battery = ideal emf E in series with internal resistance Rint . 實際電池的模型 = 理想 emf E 與內電阻 Rint 串聯。 I means V drop I Rint I 代表 V 下跌 I Rint Vterminal < E
Example 25.2. Starting a Car 起動車子 Your car has a 12-V battery with internal resistance 0.020 . 你的車子有一個 12-V 電瓶,其內電阻為 0.020 。 When the starter motor is cranking, it draws 125 A. 起動馬達轉動時會抽取 125 A 。 What’s the voltage across the battery terminals while starting? 電瓶兩極間的電壓在起動時是多少? Battery terminals 電瓶兩極 Voltage across battery terminals = 電瓶兩極間的電壓 Typical value for a good battery is 9 – 11 V. 通常一個好電瓶的數值是 9 – 11 V 。
Parallel Resistors Parallel resistors 並聯電阻器 : V = same in every component 每個元件的 V 都一樣 For n resistors in parallel : n 個並聯電阻器:
Analyzing Circuits 分析電路 Tactics 策略 : Replace each series & parallel part by their single component equivalence. 把每個串和並聯部份以它們的單一相當元件取代。 Repeat 重覆。
Example 25.3. Series & Parallel Components 串和並聯元件 Find the current through the 2- resistor in the circuit. 求電路中通過 2- 電阻器的電流。 Equivalent of parallel 2.0- & 4.0- resistors: 2.0- 和 4.0- 並聯電阻器的相當值: Equivalent of series 1.0-, 1.33- & 3.0- resistors: 1.0-, 1.33- 和 3.0- 串聯電阻器的相當值: Total current is 總電流 Voltage across of parallel 2.0- & 4.0- resistors: 跨越 2.0- 和 4.0- 並聯電阻器的電壓: Current through the 2- resistor: 通過 2- 電阻器的電流:
25.3. Kirchhoff’s Laws & Multiloop Circuits 基爾霍夫定律和多環路電路 Kirchhoff’s loop law 基爾霍夫的環路定律: V = 0 around any closed loop 繞任何環路一周。 ( energy is conserved 能量守恆 ) Kirchhoff’s node law 基爾霍夫的節點定律: I = 0 at any node 每一節點. ( charge is conserved 電荷守恆 ) This circuit can’t be analyzed using series and parallel combinations. 這電路不能用串聯和並聯的組合來分析
Multiloop Circuits 多環路電路 Problem Solving Strategy 解題策略: INTERPRET 分析 ■ Identify circuit loops and nodes 找出電路的環路和節點。 ■ Label the currents at each node, assigning a direction to each. 為每個節點的電流命名,並設定方向。 DEVELOP 發展 ■ Apply Kirchhoff’s node law to all but one nodes. ( Iin > 0, Iout < 0 ) 把基爾霍夫的節點定律用於全部扣一個節點 ( Iin > 0, Iout < 0 ) 。 ■ Apply Kirchhoff’s loop law to all independent loops: 把基爾霍夫的環路定律用於全部獨立的環路: Batteries: V > 0 going from to + terminal inside the battery. 電瓶:從 到 + 極 V > 0 。 Resistors: V = I R going along +I. 電阻器:順 +I 走 V = I R 。 Some of the equations may be redundant. 有些方程式可能是多餘的。
Example 25.4. Multiloop Circuit 多環路電路 Find the current in R3 in the figure below. 求圖中 R3 的電流。 Node 節 A: Loop 環 1: Loop 環 2:
Application: Cell Membrane 應用:細胞膜 Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) circuit model of cell membrane (Nobel prize, 1963): 霍奇金-赫胥黎 (1952) 細胞膜的電路模型 ( 1963 年諾貝爾獎 ) : Resistance of cell membranes 細胞膜的電阻 Membrane potential 細胞膜電位 Time dependent effects 與時間有關的効應 Electrochemical effects 電力化學効應
25.4. Electrical Measurements 電的測量 A voltmeter measures potential difference between its two terminals. 一個電壓(伏特)計可以量得它兩端點間的電位差。 Ideal voltmeter: no current drawn from circuit Rm = 理想電壓計:不從電路抽取電流 Rm =
Example 25.5. Two Voltmeters 兩個電壓計 You want to measure the voltage across the 40- resistor. 你要量 40- 電阻器上的電壓。 What readings would an ideal voltmeter give? 一個理想電壓計上的讀數為何? What readings would a voltmeter with a resistance of 1000 give? 一個電阻 1000 的電壓計上的讀數為何? (a) (b)
Ammeters 電流(安培)計 An ammeter measures the current flowing through itself. 一個電流(安培)計可以量得通過它本身的電流。 Ideal voltmeter: no voltage drop across it Rm = 0 理想電流計: 它本身無電位差 Rm = 0
Ohmmeters & Multimeters 電阻計和萬用電表 An ohmmeter measures the resistance of a component. ( Done by an ammeter in series with a known voltage. ) 一個電阻計可以量得一個元件的電阻。 (以一個電流計和一個已知電壓串聯而成。) Multimeter: combined volt-, am-, ohm- meter. 萬用電表: 電壓,電流,和電阻計合而為一。
25.5. Capacitors in Circuits 電路中的電容器 Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously. 電容器兩端的電壓不能馬上改變。
The RC Circuit: Charging 阻容電路:充電時 C initially uncharged VC = 0 開始時無電荷 開關 Switch closes at t = 0. 開關在 t = 0 時關上 VR (t = 0) = E I (t = 0) = E / R C charging 充電中: VC VR I Charging stops when I = 0. 充電到 I = 0 時停止。 VR but rate I but rate VC but rate
VC ~ 2/3 E I ~ 1/3 E/R Time constant 時間常數 = RC
The RC Circuit: Discharging 阻容電路:放電時 C initially charged to VC = V0 開始時已充電到 Switch closes at t = 0. 開關在 t = 0 時關上 VR = VC = V I 0 = V0 / R C discharging 放電中 : VC VR I Disharging stops when I = V = 0. 放電到 I = V = 0 時停止。
Example 25.6. Camera Flash 相機閃光燈 A camera flash gets its energy from a 150-F capacitor & requires 170 V to fire. 一個相機閃光燈從一個 150-F 電容器取得能量,而且需要 170 V 才能閃。 If the capacitor is charged by a 200-V source through an 18-k resistor, 如果電容器透過一個 18-k 電阻器從一個 200-V 電源充電, how long must the photographer wait between flashes? 那個攝影師要隔多久才能再次閃光? Assume the capacitor is fully charged at each flash. 假定每次閃光時電容器都充滿電。
RC Circuits: Long- & Short- Term Behavior 阻容電路:長和短時行為 For t << RC: VC const, C replaced by short circuit if uncharged. C 未充電時可以短路取替。 C replaced by battery if charged. C 已充電時可以電瓶取替。 For t >> RC: IC 0, C replaced by open circuit. C 以斷(開)路取替。
Example 25.7. Long & Short Times 長和短時 The capacitor in figure is initially uncharged. 圖中的電容器開始時未充電。 Find the current through R1 求通過 R1 的電流 the instant the switch is closed and 開關關上的一剎那。 a long time after the switch is closed. 開關關上後很長一段時間。 (a) (b)