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Short Version : 6. Work, Energy & Power 短版: 6. 功,能和功率

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Presentation on theme: "Short Version : 6. Work, Energy & Power 短版: 6. 功,能和功率"— Presentation transcript:

1 Short Version : 6. Work, Energy & Power 短版: 6. 功,能和功率

2 Usefulness for Studying Energy 研究能量的好處
Alternative ways to describe motion 提供另一種方法來描述運動: Conservation of energy 能量守恆. Hamiltonian formulism 漢美頓的做法. Extension to non-mechanical studies 延伸至非力學研究: Thermal physics 熱學. Electrodynamics 電動力學.

3 6.1. Work 功 Work W done on an object by a constant force F is
rF = displacement along direction of F. 沿 F 方向的位移 Fr = force along direction of r . 沿 r 方向的力 Note: F need not be a net force. 注意:F 不需要是淨力

4 Work & the Scalar Product 功和純量(乘)積
Scalar = quantity specified by a single number 純量  由一個在任何座標系统 that is the same in every coordinate system 都一樣的數字所代表的量 Scalar has no direction. 純量無方向 B Scalar (dot) product of vectors A & B : 向量 A & B 的純量(點)乘積: is a scalar 是個純量 2-D A BA = B cos 3-D = angle between F & r F & r 的夾角 Work is a scalar. 功是一個純量

5 Proof A + C A  C CB  AB ( A + C )B 
Let be the unit vectors along the Cartesian axes.

6 6.2. Forces that Vary 會變化的力 位置

7 Tactics 策略 6.1. Integrating 作積分
Example 例 : Since 因 we have 故 See Appendix A for integral table. 附錄 A 是一個積分表不定

8 Stretching a Spring 拉長一個彈簧

9 Example 6.4. Bungee Jumping 高空彈跳
Bungee cord is 20 m long with k = 11 N/m. 彈跳繩長 20 m,其 k = 11 N/m。 At lowest point, cord length is doubled. 在最低點時,繩長加倍。 How much work is done on cord? 對繩所作功為何? How does work done in the last meter compare with that done in the 1st meter? 最後一米所作的功與第一米的比較怎樣? (a) (b) 1st meter 第一米 Last meter 最後一米

10 Force & Work in 2- & 3- D 二和三維的力與功
Line integral 線積分 1-D 2-D 3-D

11 Work Done Against Gravity 對重力做的功
Only vertical displacement requires work against gravity 祇有垂直方向的位移需要對重力做功 W = m g h

12 6.3. Kinetic Energy 動能 Kinetic energy 動能 :
K is relative (depends on reference frame) K 是相對的 (依參考框而定) 。 K is a scalar (independent of coordinate system) K 是個純量。 Work-energy theorem : 功-能定理

13 GOT IT 懂嗎? 6.3. For each situation, tell whether the net work done on a soccer ball is 為下列每一狀況,判斷對一個足球所作的淨功是 positive, negative, or zero. 正的,負的,或是零。 Justify your answer using the work-energy theorem. 用功-能定理證明你的答案是對的。 You carry the ball to the field, walking at constant speed. 你以等速行走,把球帶到球場。 You kick the stationary ball, starting it flying through the air. 你把靜止的球踢到空中。 The ball rolls along the field, gradually coming to a halt. 球在場上滾動,慢慢停下來。 zero 零 (K=0) positive 正的(K>0) negative 負的(K<0)

14 Energy Units 能量單位 [ energy 能 ] = [ work 功 ] = J 焦耳 (SI 公制) CGS:
Other energy units 其他的能量單位 : eV (electron-volt): used in nuclear, atomic, molecular, solid state physics. eV (電子伏特) : 用於核子,原子,分子,固態物理。 cal (calorie), BTU (British Thermal Unit): used in thermodynamics. cal (卡路里), BTU (英熱單位) : 用於熱力學。 kW-h (kilowatt-hours): used in engineering. kW-h (仟瓦-小時) : 用於工程。 See Appendix C 請看附錄 C

15 6.4. Power 功率 Average power 平均功率: (Instantaneous) power : (瞬間)功率
Example Climbing Mount Washington 爬上華盛頓山 A 55 kg hiker makes the vertical rise of 1300 m in 2 h. 一個 55 kg 的行者用 2 h 完成那1300 m 的垂直距離 。 A 1500 kg car takes ½ h to go there. 一部 kg 的汽車用 ½ h 就到了。 Neglecting loss to friction, what is the average power output for each. 忽略摩擦的消耗,每個的平均功率為何? Hiker 行者: Car 汽車:

16 Power & Velocity 功率和速度 Example 6.9. Bicycling 騎腳踏車
Riding a 14 kg bicycle at a steady 18 km/h (5.0 m/s), 騎着一部 14 kg 的腳踏車以 18 km/h (5.0 m/s) 的等速前進時, you experience a 30 N force from air resistance. 你受到的空氣阻力是 30 N 。 If you mass 68 kg, what power must you supply 如果你的質量是 68 kg , on level ground. 在平地時 up a 5 slope. 上一個 5斜坡時 你需要的功率是多少? Fair v v Fair Fg (a) (b)

17 Energy and Society 能量和社會
地熱,風力,太陽能 水力 生質 核子 住宅 運輸 商業 工業 2008: 4.71020 J or 1.51013 W


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