动词的时态 语法复习

(一) 一般现在时（do / does） 1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作,常与表频率的时间状语always, often, every morning…连用 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。 We always care for each other and help each other. He goes to school every day. 2) 表示现在的特征或状态 He is very happy. Do you sing? ----A little. 3) 表示普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。

*在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。 I won’t go if it rains tomorrow. 但: 由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。

*少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等 常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。 The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. The train leaves at 2:00 a.m.

（二）一般过去时( did ) 表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示） I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. 2) 用于表达过去的习惯 He always went to class late. I used to do my homework in the library. 3)表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式 I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.

* 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。 The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it.

常用一般过去时的句型： Why didn’t you / I think of that? I didn’t notice it. I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn’t recognize him.

(三) 一般将来时 ①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。 I shall graduate next year. ②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。 We’ll die without air or water.

几种替代形式： *be going to +v表示准备做或将发生的事情。 I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to do表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。 I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to do表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。 。 He was about to start.

*表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 I’m leaving tomorrow. *少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。（多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。例如： The meeting begins at seven. The train starts at nine in the morning.

(四) 现在进行时 ( is / are doing) 1) 表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的词组是now， right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present, 或某个具体的时间（几点钟）。 He is writing a letter now. She is visiting Beijing this week.

2) 有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等） He is always thinking of his work. (表示赞许) The boy is always talking in class. （表示不满） 3) 有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来的时间的状语） We are leaving on Friday. 我们星期五动身。 How many of you are coming to the party?

(五) 现在完成时（have / has done） （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。 I have just finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days. 介词短语：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years … 副词：already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently … 状语词组：this week, so far, up to now, many times…

* 下列句型中常用现在完成时 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时 This is the first time I have come to china. This(That / It)is the only(last) … + that + 完成时 That is the only time I have ever been late for school. This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时 It is the best novel I have ever read.

在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如： I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

(六) 过去进行时 (was / were doing) 　　过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。 　 　1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

(七) 过去完成时 ( had done) （1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 　 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 　 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn‘t able to get away. 另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是： 　 　 　 1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

* 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon 　 　 　 　 　.

(八)一般过去将来时 1. 一般过去将来时的形式 Should / would+ 动词原形 was / were + 动词-ing形式 2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，如： He said that he would speak at the meeting. He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.

（九）现在完成进行时 ( has / have been doing) 现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： 　 I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.

一般过去时与现在完成时： 1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere. --- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone. A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put

2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time 2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been

4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to. A. finished; were B. have finished; are C. have finished; were D. had finished; were 5. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten

2. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “ --- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 2. --- Have you had any letters from him? --- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly . A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hears

3. 现在进行时和过去进行时 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do

3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice

4. 一般过去时和过去进行时 1. He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 2. Tom ­________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed

3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 4. The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking