中国城市贫困问题 A Study on Chinese Urban Poverty 城市贫困和包容性城市 国际政策研讨会 International Policy Workshop on Urban Poverty and Inclusive Cities 中国城市贫困问题 A Study on Chinese Urban Poverty 陆汉文 Dr. Lu Hanwen 华中师范大学减贫与乡村治理研究中心 Center for Poverty and Rural Governance Studies, CCNU Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this document, and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation or reference to a particular territory or geographical area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

目 录 Content 引言 中国城市贫困状况的估计 中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾 中国城市贫困问题的未来挑战 Introduction 中国城市贫困状况的估计 Estimate of Chinese urban poverty 中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾 Formation and intervention of Chinese urban poverty: A brief review 中国城市贫困问题的未来挑战 Future challenges of Chinese urban poverty

引言 Introduction 独特的历史背景 Unique historical background 城乡分割的二元社会格局 Urban-rural dual social structure 高就业、低工资、全保障的社会政策 High employment, low wages, full-coverage social security policies

引言 introduction The emergence of urban poverty and its definition 贫困问题的出现及其界定 The emergence of urban poverty and its definition 中国城市贫困问题的形成 Formation of Chinese urban poverty 中国城市贫困人口：独特的来源划分和界定上的争论 Chinese urban poverty population: Unique division of source and debates on its definition

中国城市贫困状况的估计（仅限于城市户籍人口的讨论） Estimate of Chinese urban poverty(limited discussion on urban household population) 贫困人口总量的估计 Estimate of urban poor population 城市低保人数：2011年底为2276.8万人。 Number of persons receiving subsistence allowance is 22.768 million by the end of 2011. 有学者估计，城市贫困人口通常为低保人口数量的两倍多。Some scholars estimated that the total urban poor population is usually more than twice the number of persons receiving subsistence allowance. 2001年以来中国城市低保人数变化情况（万人） Number of persons receiving subsistence allowance form 2011(10 thousand)

中国城市贫困状况的估计（仅限于城市户籍人口的讨论） Estimate of Chinese urban poverty(limited discussion on urban household population) 贫困发生率的估计 Estimate of  urban poverty incidence 数据来源：《中国营养与健康调查（CHNS）》数据 Data source: China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS 估计标准 Estimate standards 绝对贫困：2009年人均纯收入中位数的25%（按不变价格计算） Absolute poverty: 25% of the median of per capita net income in 2009(constant price ) 相对贫困：将当年人均纯收入中位数的25%作为相对贫困线 Relative poverty: setting 25% of the median of per capita net income as the relative poverty line 年份 收入中位数（元） 绝对贫困线（元） 相对贫困线（元） 1989 1180 1433 295 1991 1434 1525 359 1993 2072 1923 518 1997 4200 3150 1050 2000 5828 3115 1457 2004 7650 3237 1913 2006 9600 3338 2400 2009 14600 3650

中国城市贫困状况的估计（仅限于城市户籍人口的讨论） Estimate of Chinese urban poverty(limited discussion on urban household population) 绝对贫困的估计结果 Estimate of absolute poverty 年份 绝对贫困发生率（%） 1989 67.9 1991 55.2 1993 45.3 1997 34.7 2000 22.9 2004 19.8 2006 13.2 2009 6.6 中国城镇户籍人口绝对贫困发生率变化情况（%） Absolute poverty incidence of urban household population(%)

中国城市贫困状况的估计（仅限于城市户籍人口的讨论） Estimate of Chinese urban poverty(limited discussion on urban household population) 相对贫困的估计结果 Estimate of relative poverty 年份 相对贫困发生率（%） 1989 1.8 1991 7.7 1993 8 1997 11.3 2000 12.6 2004 13.6 2006 10.1 2009 6.6 中国城镇户籍人口相对贫困发生率变化情况（%） Relative poverty incidence of urban household population(%)

中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾 Formation and intervention of Chinese urban poverty: A brief review 企业改革与下岗、失业人员的出现及其干预 Emergence of laid-off and unemployed workers and its intervention 下岗人员 The laid-offs 国有企业年末实有下岗职工人数 Number of laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises at year-end 年份 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 人数(万人) 594.8 652.5 657.2 515.4 409.9 260.2 153.0

中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾 Formation and intervention of Chinese urban poverty: A brief review 企业改革与下岗、失业人员的出现及其干预 Emergence of laid-off and unemployed workers and its intervention 失业人员 The Unemployed 中国城镇登记失业人口（万人）及失业率（%） China's urban registered unemployed population (10 thousand) and unemployment rate(%)

中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾Formation and intervention of Chinese urban poverty: A brief review 企业改革与下岗、失业人员的出现及其干预 Emergence of laid-off and unemployed workers and its intervention 下岗、失业人员的支持保护政策 Support and protect policies for the laid-offs and unemployed 就业促进政策。 包括“再就业工程”等。 Employment promotion policies. Including the Re-employment Project, etc. 社会保障制度。包括最低生活保障制度、失业保险、医疗保险、养老保险、社会救济等。 Social security system. Including the subsistence allowance system, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, pension insurance and social relief, etc.

Number of China’s migrant workers in 2011 中国城市贫困问题的形成与干预：简要回顾Formation and intervention of Chinese urban poverty: A brief review 农民工的贫困问题 Poverty of migrant workers 农民工数量的估计Estimate of the number of migrant workers 中国农民工数量统计（2011年） Number of China’s migrant workers in 2011 类别 外出农民工 本地 农民工 合计 住户中外出农民工 举家外出农民工 小计 数量（万人） 12584 3279 15863 9415 25278 农民进城务工为何没有导致城市贫民窟等问题的出现 Why migrant workers did not result in the emergence of urban slums?

中国城市贫困问题的未来挑战 Future challenges of Chinese urban poverty 农民工代际更替带来的挑战 Challenges from intergenerational replacement of migrant workers 农民工的代际更替 The intergenerational replacement of migrant workers 城市贫民窟出现的可能 The probability of the emergence of urban slums

中国城市贫困问题的未来挑战 Future challenges of Chinese urban poverty 经济发展及相关就业问题带来的挑战 Challenges from economic development and related employment issues 经济持续增长面临的挑战 Challenges of sustained economic growth 经济结构调整可能带来的冲击 Impacts from economic structure adjustments 收入差距问题 Income inequality

中国城市贫困问题的未来挑战 Future challenges of Chinese urban poverty 快速城市化带来的挑战 Challenges from rapid urbanization 失地农民问题 Land-lost peasant issues 住房问题 Housing issues 环境问题 Environment issues ……

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