化石與活化石 進化論的再思 HST is a 2.4-meter reflecting telescope which was deployed in low-Earth orbit (600 kilometers) by the crew of the space shuttle Discovery (STS-31) on 25 April 1990. HST's current complement of science instruments include three cameras, two spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors (primarily used for astrometric observations). Because of HST's location above the Earth's atmosphere, these science instruments can produce high resolution images of astronomical objects. Ground-based telescopes can seldom provide resolution better than 1.0 arc-seconds, except momentarily under the very best observing conditions. HST's resolution is about 10 times better, or 0.1 arc-seconds.

TV Interview in 1960’s "The first point to make about Darwin's theory is that it is no longer a theory, but a fact” Julian Huxley

「倘使能證明有任何複雜器官不是經過無數的，連續的，輕微的變異而形成，那末我的學說就要完全破產」 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第6章） 「倘使能證明有任何複雜器官不是經過無數的，連續的，輕微的變異而形成，那末我的學說就要完全破產」 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第6章）

From Eocene till now, the Hemalaya was formed for the sea, and the earth magnetic poles has reversed directions over 20 time!

Eocene Ant 螞蟻 始新世： 五千五百萬年前

Cretaceous Dragonfly 白堊紀：一億四千四百萬年前的蜻蜓化石 Took fight before birds, insects by definition, flies

活蜻蜓

活的 化石

Cockroaches 蟑螂

Upper Triassic Cockroach fossil 三疊紀：二億四千八萬年前的蟑螂

Centipede 蜈蚣 320 million years

Cretaceous Shrimps 白堊紀： 一億四千四百萬年前的蝦子 NAME: Carpopenaeus callirostris (2) AGE: Cretaceous FORMATION: Cenomanian

Shrimp in Jurassic period 株羅紀： 二億一千萬年前的蝦子

Horseshoe crab

Horseshoe crab 可追溯到三億年前

Sea urchins 海膽 small tennis ball size urchin with dull light green or brown spines that are relatively short. It feeds on algae and is in turn food for sunflower stars. You will often see large groups of urchins eating kelp on the bottom.

Urchins (Pennsylvanian) 三億二千萬年前的 海膽

新笠螺 三億五千萬年 Neopilina, discovered in the 1950’s. Belongs to 單板類

Slitsnail 可追溯到五億四千萬年前 Of the 1500 spice of slitsnails, 30 are still alive today. The record go back to paleozoic period ~ 400 million years

Nautilus (Mollusk) 鸚鵡螺

Devonian shell 四億年前泥盆紀化石

Devonian and live Brittle Star 四億年前泥盆紀海星與今日海星 A new study shows that a brittle star species called Ophiocoma wendtii has a skeleton with crystals that function as a visual system, apparently furnishing the information that lets the animal see its surroundings and escape harm. The brittlestar architecture is giving ideas to scientists who want to build tiny lenses for things like optical computing.

海星

Ordovician starfish 可追溯到奧陶紀：四億九千二萬年前

Crinoidea 海百合 可追溯到寒武紀：五億四千萬年前 About 700 living species are known, mainly from deep waters, especially near Japan. They existed since the Paleozoic Era 古生代 (from 540 million years ago).

Eocene Sunfish 始新世：五千五百萬年前的太陽魚 Back to Cambrian (vertebrates)

Sunfish

Bearsden Shark 330 million years old

Alligatorellus upper Jurassic

American Alligator

Sassafras (Eocene) 黃樟 始新世：五千五百萬年前

Magnolia 木蘭 (Eocene)

銀杏

二億一千萬年前的銀杏

Isoetes and Jurassic Fossil 水韭與二億年前的化石 Fossil is of Eocene

Fern羊齒類(Pennsylvanian) 三億二千萬年前的化石

The Fossil Record Systematic Similarity and Stasis Systematic Abrupt Appearance Systematic Gaps and Missing Links

如何從魚類 變成兩棲類?

Coelacanth fossil 可追溯到寒武紀：四億年前 250 million year old fossil found in Madagascar

Coelacanth 腔棘魚 Until 1938, coelacanths were known only as an order of peculiar lobe-finned fishes which appeared in the fossil record almost 400 million years ago and then seemed to go extinct about 80 million years ago. So the discovery of a live coelacanth off the coast of South Africa in 1938 was understandably met with great excitement. A subsequent fourteen-year search for a second specimen of this extraordinary fish resulted in the discovery of the "true" home of the living coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, in the Comoran archipelago in the western Indian Ocean. Since that time about 200 specimens of have been caught in the Comoros. A few other specimens have also been caught near Madagascar and Mozambique, but genetic analyses suggest that these are simply "strays" from the main Comoros population.

Coelacanth Special Features 腔棘魚特徵

Archaeopteryx (late Jurassic) 始祖鳥 （一億五千萬年） Some scientists argue that the evolution of birds from dinosaurs poses a problem of timing. This argument assumes that the current state of knowledge of the fossil record is the literal unalterable truth of the timing of appearances. Archaeopteryx, for example, is in fact older than most of the good specimens of birdlike dinosaurs. Therefore, how could one claim that Archaeopteryx is descended from such creatures? The answer is, in part, that no one is actually making such a claim. The extinct Archaeopteryx ( Greek: archoios, "ancient"; pteryx, "wing") is the oldest known bird, although the skeletal remains of a primitive birdlike form discovered in 1986 are taken as evidence by some scientists that birds lived 75 million years before Archaeopteryx. About the size of a crow, Archaeopteryx weighed about 200-500 g (7-18 oz). Besides having feathers, Archaeopteryx was birdlike in having a furcula (wishbone), a big toe rotated backward to oppose the other toes in a gripping adaptation, and some fused wrist bones. the birdlike Protoavis, the incomplete skeletal remains of which were discovered in 1986, may have lived about 75 million years earlier. Like Archaeopteryx, Protoavis is reptilelike in many respects, confirming the notion that birds have reptilian ancestors. Both fossil species had well-developed wings. Archaeopteryx had other characteristics of modern birds: a birdlike fused pelvis, a furcula ("wish-bone"), and a grasping opposable hallux (hind toe). Lacking a keel on its sternum, Archaeopteryx could not fly, although it was able to glide. Protoavis had a keel, and scientists believe that it could fly.

Cretaceous Bird 白堊紀： 一億四千四百萬年前的遼寧鳥 In 1994 a farmer in the Manchurian region of northern China came upon the fossil remains of Confuciusornis ("Confucius bird"), a chicken-size animal that apparently lived about 147 million years ago in the late Jurassic Period. The discovery was of great interest because Confuciusornis is the earliest toothless bird yet known. Its near contemporary, Archaeopteryx, the "first bird," whose fossils have been found in Europe, was still equipped with a full set of teeth. While showing signs of its reptilian ancestry, such as a long tail and vestigial forearms ending in claws, Confuciusornis had true wings, a feathered body, and a very birdlike beak. The finding suggests that different bird forms at different stages of evolution coexisted in the Mesozoic Era. Some paleontologists suggest, however, that Confuciusornis and other early beaked forms that have also been found represent a dead-end branch of the avian evolutionary tree and that the beaked birds of today did not begin to appear until after the close of the Mesozoic.

夫子鳥 一億四千七百萬年前鳥 Until quite recently, remains of birds from the time of the dinosaurs were extremely rare. We now know of at least two species from the Jurassic and many more from the Cretaceous, one of which, Confuciusornis sanctus, is the earliest known with a beak. The specimen here lies on its back with the right wing outstretched, the left folded inwards against the shoulder blade. The over arm of the right wing is broken at about 2/3 along its length and the broken end lies alongside the rib cage. This might have caused the bird to have crash-landed into a lake where it drowned and became entombed in the sediment in which it is preserved. Around much of the body, except the head, is a dark shadow, the result of rotting organic material. Weak imprints of feathers occur on both sides. The head is compressed but the lower jaw is well preserved and shows the scar of a beak. There were no teeth in the jaws. The specimen occurs against a light coloured shale background measuring 24,5 x 31cm. It was found in Liaoning Province, China and is between 120-140 million years old.

夫子鳥

現有動物共三十七門 寒武紀已發現動物有五十門 其中有三十四門現在仍生存 寒武紀生物大爆炸 現有動物共三十七門 寒武紀已發現動物有五十門 其中有三十四門現在仍生存

物種的全群忽然發展起來，如果是真的話，對與我的觀點將會是致命傷 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第11章） 物種的全群忽然發展起來，如果是真的話，對與我的觀點將會是致命傷 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第11章）

「自然選擇僅能藉著輕微的，連續的，有利的變異之累積而發生作用。所以它不能產生巨大的或突然的變化」 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第15章） 「自然選擇僅能藉著輕微的，連續的，有利的變異之累積而發生作用。所以它不能產生巨大的或突然的變化」 達爾文 ﹣物種起源（第15章）

“Evolution is very possibly not, in actual fact, always gradual.” R. Dawkins, Oxford University River out of Eden, 1995

Punctuated Equilibrium 間斷平衡論 Stephen Jay Gould Harvard University

間斷平衡

Horizontal Gene Transfer Genes of a primitive life form (e.g. bacterium) may be absent in lower life forms (e.g. invertebrate) but is present in higher life forms (vertebrae) Not all the Genetic material of a higher life form is obtained from its apparent closely related ancestors

長頸鹿

長頸鹿的進化 No record for graduate change. Mutation that led to long neck must also produce long legs for stability; And special vessels in the legs to prevent pooling of the blood and bleeding; And a strong heart to pump the blood all the way up to its head;

Giraffe’s Heart Weighs 24 lbs and is 2 feet long

長頸鹿的進化 And blood vessels with sensors and valves to regulate blood flow when the head is lowed to drink; And extra large lung due to extra long tracheae; And special esophagus; And special birth delivery scheme; And strong kicks for defense

Mutation Towards Species Usually detrimental - produced by random perturbations to a functioning life form Not necessarily produce a higher life form To satisfy the above conditions is hard, but there must be two such almost identical random mutations - one in each sex, must occur at the same place, must occur at the same time, both must survive to maturity

Irreducible Complexity What type of biological system could not be formed by "numerous, successive, slight modifications"? Well for starters, a system that is irreducibly complex. By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional.

鞭毛結構 Takes at least 17 proteins to make it work. One seemed not crucial, but the filament would be tilted and the bug will swim in circles - Leaf Huang

Random Chance? Intelligent Design?

錶與錶匠 A watch does not nearly keep time as well as the stars Yes, both depends on natural laws The Watch is nevertheless, created - did not coming into being by itself

我受造奇妙可畏 ， 你的作為奇妙 ， 這是我心深知道的。 詩篇139:14 我受造奇妙可畏 ， 你的作為奇妙 ， 這是我心深知道的。 詩篇139:14

神說水要多多滋生有生命的物，要有雀鳥飛在地面以上，天空之中。神就造出大魚和水中所滋生各樣有生命的動物，各從其類。又造出各樣鳥飛， 各從其類，神看著是好的。神就賜福給這一切，說，滋生繁多，充滿海中的水，雀鳥也要多生在地上。有晚上，有早晨，是第五日。 創世記 1:20-23