A Customer’s Plea for Your Product: Students 培养企业需要的人才 Kai-Fu Lee 李开复 Corporate Vice President, Microsoft Corporation 微软公司全球副总裁 June 1, 2005

Customer Feedback 客户反馈 Students 学生 University 大学 Industry 产业 Industry Feedback 产业反馈 Products Producer Customer Customer Feedback Microsoft has benefited tremendously by listening to customers. Past: technology company that develops what we think customers need – works in a nascent industry when customers do not understand the product. Throughout the years, with success  continued to do this without realizing customers are dissatisfied (features vs. security & “it just works”). Universities produce students: students are the product of a university. Industry (companies like Microsoft) are the customers of such products. The need to listen to customers is profound. Microsoft has learned this over the years. I hope you will be open to listening as well. Based on what I can see, there are gaps from what you produce and what we need. The gap is particularly wide from Chinese universities – improving but clearly behind. Campus hires are the core part of Microsoft. 50++% execs, twice as many promotions.

The Talent Gap in Chinese Universities 中国的人才鸿沟 University Graduates U.S. Chinese University Graduates U.S. Unemployable Need Training Qualified Exceptional

What student would Microsoft want? 微软需要什么样的学生 ？ 1。Life-long learning 终生学习 2。Balanced US / Chinese culture 平衡中美文化优势 3。Complete 完整

1。A Lifelong Learning Person 终生学习 Not just learn to answer … 学习不只是为了按部就班地学习正确答案 But to reason, learn, apply 而是为了推理、思考、应用 Know why and how 为了知道为什么和如何做

1. Levels of Learning 学习的境界 Learn an answer 学会答案 Learn one method to find an answer 学会方法 Learn how to find a method 学会找到方法 Learn why the method fits the question学会为什么 Learn many answers and methods exists 学会方法和答案不止一个 Microsoft interviews for critical thinking. 微软的面试并非测试智商，而是测试思维能力 Learn to apply knowledge 学会实践 Microsoft expects CS students to have written 100,000 lines of code. 微软期望计算机系的学生有100,000行编程的经验 Close the gap between academic training and industry needs. Industry does not need someone who gets As but someone Not just know the “what”, but the “how” and the “why” -- understand how to apply knowledge, and learn by doing Give the man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach a man to fish, and he will eat his lifetime 读书听课是获取知识的最重要的部分 – 错！ 学生只需要努力争取好分数就能成功 – 错！ 获取知识能独立于实际操作 – 错！ 学生被告之什么是重要的应该了解的 – 错！ 获取知识可独立于实际使用目的 – 错！

2。A Balanced Person 平衡中美文化优势 Not just typical Chinese or American strengths … 不仅只是中国人才或美国人才 But balances both, and learns to apply judgment 而是具备中美人才双重优势， 并有足够的应用判断力

2. Balanced Individuals 平衡的人才 Chinese Talent 中国人才 Perseverance 毅力 Humble 谦虚 Solid theoretical foundation 扎实的理论基础 Disciplined 讲纪律、服从 Subtle 含蓄 American Talent 美国人才 Passionate 有热情 Self-confident 自信 Independent and creative 独立并有创新精神 Pro-active 积极主动 Direct 直截了当地沟通 Combination of passion and discipline; make good judgment about how to solve problems: balancing self-confidence and self-criticism; balancing pro-activeness and empathy; balancing courage and tolerance balancing the best qualities of American students with Chinese students

3。 A Complete Person 完整 Not just high GPA… 不仅有好成绩 But balanced 4Q’s - 而且兼备德、体、智、情 Intelligence Quotient Emotional Quotient Physical Quotient Spiritual Quotient Not just seeking a “hot” major … 不只是选热门专业 But has vision, passion - 而且有理想、热情

3. A Complete Person 完整 Execu- tion Vision 理想 Values Attitude 态度 EQ Passion 兴趣 Attitude 态度 Values 价值观 　Vision 理想 Execu- tion 执行 EQ 人际 How to get what you want + love? 如何达到目标？ What do you want in life? 你的人生目标？ How to do things? 如何做事情？ What is right? 什么是对的？ Vision: know goal in life to guide all. Passion: like what you do, not just pick hot major EQ: Dale Carnegie 85%. Teamwork critical. At school more teams would be good. Values: integrity not by teaching but leading by example and demanding highest level How to work with others? 如何和他人合作？ What do you love? 你喜欢做什么？

10 suggestions on how to produce these students? 如何培养这样的学生的十个建议

Suggestions-1 建议 1 Develop 3 types of graduates that match society’s needs 发展三种教育,培养符合社会需要的人才 Researchers 1% 研究员 Professionals 20% 职业员工 Technicians 79% 技师

Suggestions-2 建议 2 Understand industry needs 理解产业对人才的需要 Incorporate into curriculum so graduates are industry-ready 改变课程使毕业生能立即为企业贡献

Suggestions-3 建议 3 Stimulate thinking, reasoning, and not memorization 激发思考与推理，避免死记硬背

Suggestions-4 建议 4 Find opportunities to teach students 引导学生 Teamwork 团队合作 （团队项目） Industry needs 企业需要（实习机会） To find their vision & passion 理想、兴趣 （转系） Integrity 诚信 （打击作弊） “Balance” 平衡 （鼓励积极、激情）

Suggestions-5 建议 5 Value teaching faculty too 重视教学老师 Not every teacher needs to be a reseacher 不必每个老师都要能做研究 Best teacher of application is not a scholar but an engineer 最好的应用工程老师是工程师而不是学者 $3000 per course for contractors Value not just research but also good teachers "White-collar vocational traning" will be needed: learning-by-doing and teachers need to have industrial experience Tenure system in both China and US need to be examined -- a meritocracy is needed: high bar for professors, and differentiated compensation The danger of current approach is that with the entitlement of tenure, prof can rest on their laurels. In China: teacher quality is still a challenge – top talent not willing to be professors 关于教学质量，由学生打分基本上是好的，但是要当心的时不能让老师的目的成为讨好学生。如果由我来定，我会用客观的数据（例如就业率，考标准考试的成绩，学生纯粹对教学的回馈，缺课的次数，完成工作的效率，个人专业水平的客观评估）的综合方法评估。 我还会分清研究教授和教学教授的资格，让两者都有机会晋升，而且用meritocracy，也就是说纯粹由业绩来评估一个人，不论他的年资。并且给优秀的教师非常大的奖励，对不要的教师要尽快解聘。 这些在公司里已经用了几十年的管理方式，应该进入学校了。

Suggestions-6 建议 6 Develop tenure system infused with meritocracy 企业精英管理制度+学校终身职系统 Clear metrics and objectives 清晰的衡量标准和目标 Reward based on achievement, not age 奖励靠业绩，不靠年资 Accountability does not end with tenure 拿到终身职仍然必须负责 Differentiate top performers from bottom ones 区分最好和最差的教师，给与大差别的奖惩 $3000 per course for contractors Value not just research but also good teachers "White-collar vocational traning" will be needed: learning-by-doing and teachers need to have industrial experience Tenure system in both China and US need to be examined -- a meritocracy is needed: high bar for professors, and differentiated compensation The danger of current approach is that with the entitlement of tenure, prof can rest on their laurels. In China: teacher quality is still a challenge – top talent not willing to be professors 关于教学质量，由学生打分基本上是好的，但是要当心的时不能让老师的目的成为讨好学生。如果由我来定，我会用客观的数据（例如就业率，考标准考试的成绩，学生纯粹对教学的回馈，缺课的次数，完成工作的效率，个人专业水平的客观评估）的综合方法评估。 我还会分清研究教授和教学教授的资格，让两者都有机会晋升，而且用meritocracy，也就是说纯粹由业绩来评估一个人，不论他的年资。并且给优秀的教师非常大的奖励，对不要的教师要尽快解聘。 这些在公司里已经用了几十年的管理方式，应该进入学校了。

Suggestions-7 建议 7 Each university should have its specialty 学校应该有自己的特色 Focus & specialty: each university should strive to finds its specialty, rather than follow a "standard mold" Excessive commercialism can hurt education: education should not be means to make huge profit Experiment with new approaches and learn from successful approaches: example: high-quality priviate universities in China Readiness for an ever-changing technology world: Progress is the only way to achieve stability; You need to be bold in doing great research, in trying new ways to inspire and manage research Example: find and develop great Ph.D. students: provide maximum freedom and choice: critical to push technology forward

Suggestions-8 建议 8 Keep profit mentality away from the university 不让利益心态驻进大学 Avoid conflict of interest　避免利益冲突 Uphold “need-blind” admission　人人付得起大学学费 Ensure quality of education　确认每个机构的质量 Focus & specialty: each university should strive to finds its specialty, rather than follow a "standard mold" Excessive commercialism can hurt education: education should not be means to make huge profit Experiment with new approaches and learn from successful approaches: example: high-quality private universities in China Readiness for an ever-changing technology world: Progress is the only way to achieve stability; You need to be bold in doing great research, in trying new ways to inspire and manage research Example: find and develop great Ph.D. students: provide maximum freedom and choice: critical to push technology forward

Times are changing; boldly experiment 时代在改变；大胆地试验 Suggestions-9 建议 9 Times are changing; boldly experiment 时代在改变；大胆地试验 MIT OCW MIT 开放课程 Good privately donated university in China 建立中国一流的私立大学 Let the Ph.D. students pick their advisors 博士生选导师 ….. Focus & specialty: each university should strive to finds its specialty, rather than follow a "standard mold" Excessive commercialism can hurt education: education should not be means to make huge profit Experiment with new approaches and learn from successful approaches: example: high-quality private universities in China Readiness for an ever-changing technology world: Progress is the only way to achieve stability; You need to be bold in doing great research, in trying new ways to inspire and manage research Example: find and develop great Ph.D. students: provide maximum freedom and choice: critical to push technology forward

Suggestions-10 建议 10 Find win-win between pair-wise US and Chinese universities 在中美高校中找搭档，达到双赢 80% of the world’s best schools are in the US; there is much to be gained 80%最好的学校都在美国，和美国学校搭档有很多好处 Phase out the Soviet-influenced systems 用美国的模式取代过时的苏联模式 Ph.D. advisor system Win-win: US univ wants China plan; China univ wants help with professors. Both govts can help fund the costs.

Closing Remarks 结束语 You are educating the leader of the 21st Century 你的学生将成为21世纪的领导 The American leaders and the Chinese leaders will shape the future of the world 中美领导将决定世界的未来 Your work to make the world a better place 你的工作将使21世纪更加美好 The US and China will be the leaders of the 21st Century. There are many auspicious signs that the two great nations will work together. But there are also large gaps in tradition, systems, priorities. The world will be a better place if the two countries worked together in harmony. That is why I am devoting myself (as someone who has learned, taught, and worked in both countries) to bridge the gap.

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