现在完成时

现在完成时 ◆ 现在完成时—— have/has +过去分词 1、表示此刻之前发生的动作或情况，现在已经完成，并且与现在的情况有联系。可以与 already、recently、ever、never、just 等连用。 例：I have already bought a computer. We have just turned off the radio.

现在完成时 ◆ 现在完成时—— have/has +过去分词 2、表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，延续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束，常与 so far、for two months (days/years)、these months (days/years) 、in the past months (days/years) 等连用。 例：I have lived in Shenzhen for two months.

现在完成时 ◆ 基本句式 3、不规则动词的过去分词 （牢记） 1、肯定句：主语 + has/have 过去分词+其他成分 3、不规则动词的过去分词 （牢记） ◆ 基本句式 1、肯定句：主语 + has/have 过去分词+其他成分 2、否定句：主语 + has/have not 过去分词 +其他成分 或：主语 + hasn’t/haven’t 过去分词 +其他成分 3、一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+过去分词+其他成分 Yes, 主语+ has/have. No, 主语+hasn’t/ haven’t.

现在完成时 ◆ 动词的过去分词 1、规则动词的过去分词与过去式相同 ① 一般情况在动词尾加ed ② 以e结尾的动词，直接加d。 例：live—lived hope—hoped ③ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加ed。 例：study—studied cry—cried ④ 以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的动词，双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed。 例：stop—stopped, beg—begged

现在完成时 ◆现在完成时 VS.一般过去式 现在完成时表示与现在情况有联系 一般过去时表示过去的事情，与现在没有联系 例：Xiao Ming has already gone to Shanghai. 小明现在不在这儿，在去上海的路上或者在上海。 Xiao Ming went to Shanghai yesterday. 只是说明小明昨天去了上海，并不关心他现在的情况。

比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1) 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作; 现在完成时为过去发生的, 强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响。 2) 一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用, 而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用, 或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now等, 皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, up to now, in the past … years,等, 皆不确定的时间状语。

3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态, 动词一般是延续性的, 如live, teach, learn, work, study, know。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 例如： I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) (错) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

用于现在完成时的句型 1) It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.

注意: It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2) This is +形容词最高级+that…结构, that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： 　This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

典型例题 1. ---Do you know our town at all?　---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming

2. ---Have you ___ been to our town before? 　---No, it's the first time I __ here. A. even, came　 B. even, am coming　　 C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come

注意: 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错) I have received his letter for a month. (对) I received this letter a month ago. (对) I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

比较since和for: since 用来说明动作起始时间, for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 如： 　I have lived here for more than twenty years. 　I have lived here since I was born. 注意: 并非有for 时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。　

I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意: 用句型转换的方法, 很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。　　

1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

2) (错) Harry has got married for six years 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然, 第二句不对, 它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时表示某一动作在过去开始发生, 已经持续到现在, 并且还将持续, 或刚刚停止。其构成: have (has) +been + doing I have been learning English for three years. I have been waiting three hours for you.

比较: I have been learning English for three years. I learned English for three years. I have learned English for three years. I have written the novel. I have been writing the novel.

现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表 示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所 表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示 的则是最后的结果。如： We have been cleaning the classroom． 我们打扫教室来着。 其直接结果可能是：我们身上都 是灰。表示教室刚刚打扫过。

We have cleaned the classroom． 我们把教室打扫过了。 其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可 以用了。表示教室可能是昨天打 扫的。

1. ___ that dress when I first saw you at the station? A. Were you wearing B. Have you worn C. Did you wear D. Do you wear

2. ―Kate doesn’t look very well. What’s wrong with her? ― She has a headache because she ___ too long; she ought to stop work. A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. was reading

3. “Tell the students to stop shouting. We ____ our essays .” A. write B. have been writing C. are writing D. have written

4. My uncle, Sam, __ manager of the firm. A. has just made B. is just being made C. has just been made D. is just made 5. This is the first time the students __ to Hyde Park. A. have gone B. have been gone C. have been going D. are being gone

6. She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital. A. is doing B. has been doing C. has done D. has been done

7. Now that you ___ , what are you going to do? A. are being returned B. have been returning C. have been returned D. have returned

8. I ___ the incident as if it were yesterday. A. am still to remember B. have still been remembering C. am being still remembered D. still remember

9. －Where_____ the map? I can’t see anywhere. －I _____ it right here just now. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put

10. John told Mary that he ___ what he was doing during the vacation. A. was just asked B. was just asking C. had just been asked D. had just asked

11. I started my teaching career at the school 11. I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ___ there ever since. A. was B. had been C. will be D. have been 12. We ___ fine weather for the past few days. A. have B. are having C. have been had D. have been having

13. It ___ every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rains C 13. It ___ every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rains C. has rained D. has been rained 14. By the end of last year they __ 1,000 machines. A. turned out B. had turned out C. would turn out D. had been turned out

15. ―Don’t put the waste on the ground. ―Oh, I’m very sorry. I ___ the dustbin there. A. don’t see B. isn’t seeing C. didn’t see D. haven’t seen

16. Good heavens. There you are. We ___ anxious about you 16. Good heavens! There you are! We ___ anxious about you. We ___ you back much earlier all through the night. A. are; expect B. were; had expected C. will be; are expecting D. have been; were expecting