Sensor Networks: Applications and Services “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” Marc Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century.

Outline Sensor Networks applications and services “Where are you?” location management localization problem

Definition Sensing technology: Embedded computing: light, temperature, moisture, objects, ect Embedded computing: small, light, compact software and hardware Wireless communication: low/medium-rate antenna wireless ad hoc networking

Generic System Architecture (感測網路系統基本架構 )

Sensor Hardware (感測器硬體設計 )

Example 1 Digital Sun公司所發展的自動灑水系統「S.Sense Wireless Sensor」

Example 2 展覽會場的保全系統 -- Sensicast ART 在博物館、圖書館、畫廊、藝術品展覽會場，防止有價值的藝術品或展覽品遭到竊盜、不經意的觸摸、任意搬動等情形。 主要有兩個模組： OAS 物件警告系統(Object Alarm System)：感測裝置安裝在藝術品底部或背面，藉由偵測燈光的亮度是否改變、測量是否遭受到振動等因素，來確保展覽品的安全。 EMS 環境管理系統(Environment Management System)：安裝在展覽會場的牆角、天花板等，偵測展覽環境的溫度、溼度是否超過安全值，以保護展覽品的品質。

Example 3 Senera的橋樑安全監控系統 (89.8.27)聯絡高雄與屏東之間的高屏大橋突然斷裂，造成多位民眾受傷

Example 4 Habitat Monitoring on Great Duck Island 遠端利用Mote形成的sensor network觀察動物的棲息地環境。 Mote可以供環境光線、溫度…等變化的sensor node，藉由形成的Wireless Sensor Network可以遠端觀察環境，並且長時間蒐集環境的變化資料。

Example 5 工研院 SCAN project (2003): ** Other Information: platform with interface to Berkeley Mote Bluetooth devices to form scatternet CO and other sensors ** Other Information: RFID sponsored by Walmart, UPS, etc.

SCAN

SCAN

location management problem localization problem “Where are you?” location management problem localization problem

a question used in our daily life Essence of the question: “Where Are You?” a question used in our daily life Essence of the question: mapping the location L of an identity ID L = a physical location, a relative location, a logical area e.g., 45.7th mile of highway I-95, at the north of Miami, under the table ID = a person, an object, a phone number

Location Mgt. in Cellular Network ID = Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN) L = location area

Location Mgt. in IP Networks ID = IP address L = subnet

Location Mgt. in Ad Hoc Networks ID = host L = physical location assumption: availability of GPS Example: virtual home region

Grid’s Location Service (GLS) One More Example Grid’s Location Service (GLS) distributed location servers

A Short Summary: the Mapping

Future Trend standardization: OSA/OMA hybrid location database

Positioning Techniques

Measurement of Distance Time of arrival Time difference of arrival

Measuring Distance by RF Signal Strength Path loss formula An experiment by IEEE 802.11b

Positioning by Trilateration ideal situation real situation

Fingerprint Location Matching

Pattern Matching Approach

Conclusions sensor network applications sensor network + instant messaging location management localization