Kant on Categorical Imperative 授課教師：陳嘉銘 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】

Transcendental Argument 1. Is there any a priori knowledge? Those propositions are true independently of experience, and remain true however experiences varies. 2. Two kinds of a priori knowledge analytic truth ex. All bachelors are married. 述詞為真已經蘊含在主詞裡面。 b) synthetic truth 述詞說了一些實質的真理，不蘊含在主詞裡面。 (經驗主義者否定有 a priori synthetic truth.) 3. Kant’s transcendental deduction What has to be true if we are to have any experience at all.

Transcendental Argument What has to be true if we are to have any experience at all. An argument is transcendental if it transcends the limits of empirical inquiry, so as to establish the a prior conditions of experience. Kant’s thoughts: Neither experience nor reason is alone able to provide knowledge. The first provides content without form, the second form without content. There is no knowledge that does not bear the marks of reason and experience…While I can know the world independently of my point of view on it, what I can know bears the indelible marks of that point of view. ( Roger Scruton, Kant: A Very Short Introduction)

Three Kinds of Imperative What is a rational agent? One who has power to act in accordance with his idea of objective principles. Objective principles: a rational agent would necessarily act from them if reason had full control over passion.(but we are imperfectly rational beings -> ought; imperative) Three kinds of objective principles: Hypothetical Imperative (conditioned by a will for some end.) 1. Conditioned by an end one might or might not will. The actions are good for being useful. 2. Conditioned by the end one wills by his very nature. The actions are good for being prudent. Categorical Imperative 3. Unconditioned by any end. The actions are morally good.

Categorical Imperative的四種表示 1.Universlizability Test (objective ground) Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. 2. Humanity as the end in itself (subjective ground) Act in such as way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. 3. Autonomy (Self-legislation) (1+2) Every rational being subjects himself only to the law of which it can regard itself as the author(making the law for itself). 4. Human Dignity: ‘if it is exalted above all price and so admits of no equivalent, then it has dignity’; Autonomy is the ground of dignity; the law-making which determines all value.

Universlizability Test Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. 三種可能性 1.通過測試: permissible 2.沒通過測試: impermissible(ought not to) 3.從 1或2 推出: ought to 三種矛盾導致你無法will it to be a universal law 1.Contradiction in the will. Ex. Duty to preserve one’s life. 2.Contradiction in consequences Ex. Duty not to make false promise when in difficult times. 3.Contradiction to the realization of a possible harmony of purposes. Ex. Duty to contribute to others’ happiness while one can.

版權聲明 Is there any a priori knowledge……experience at all 頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 1-9 本作品轉載自http://www.templateswise.com/ 設計範本，造訪日期：2016年09月13日 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 2 Is there any a priori knowledge……experience at all 文字提供：國立臺灣大學 陳嘉銘 3 What has to ……conditions of experience. Neither experience nor ……marks of that point of view. Scruton, R. (2001). Kant: a very short introduction.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用

版權聲明 What is a rational agent……The actions are morally good. 頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 4 What is a rational agent……The actions are morally good. 文字提供：國立臺灣大學 陳嘉銘 5 Act only on ……a universal law. Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in Western Philosophy: An Anthology, ed. John Cottingham (Blackwell, 1996)依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 Act in such as ……same time as an end.

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 5 if it is ……then it has dignity Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in Western Philosophy: An Anthology, ed. John Cottingham (Blackwell, 1996)依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 6 Act only on ……a universal law. 三種可能性……while one can. 文字提供：國立臺灣大學 陳嘉銘