Unit 3 Circuit Analysis Using the Ideal Operational Amplifier Background Words and expressions Text and notes Grammar Exercises Reading material 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Background An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Background The types of amplifiers can be categorized in different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being amplified; audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz. Another is which quantity, voltage or current is being amplified; amplifiers can be divided into voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance(跨导) amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. A further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear representation of the input. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain（信号通路，信号链）. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

The first practical electronic device which could amplify was the Audion (triode，三极管) vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers. The terms "amplifier" and "amplification" (from the Latin amplificare, 'to enlarge or expand') were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread.[2] For the next 50 years vacuum tubes were the only devices which could amplify, and were used in all amplifiers until the 1960s, when transistors began to be used. Most amplifiers today use transistors, although tubes are still used. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Words and expressions Buffer n. 缓冲器 By-product n. 副产品，出乎意料的结果 Circuitry n. 电路，线路 Formula n. 公式，规则 Fulcrum n. 杠杆的支点 Ground v. 使接地；n. 接地，地线 Impedance n. 阻抗 Infinitesimal adv. 无穷小，极小，无限小 Inherent adj. 固有的，内在的，与生俱来的 Intuitive adj. 直觉的 Investigate v. 调查，研究 Latch v. 闭锁 (n. 锁存器) Lever n. 杆，杠杆 Mythical adj. 神话的，虚构的 Offset n. 偏移量，抵消 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Words and expressions Polarity n. 极性 Potential n. 电势，电位 Restraint n. 约束(条件) Rote n. 死记硬背，机械的做法，生搬硬套 Saturation n. 饱和(状态)，饱和度 Stability n. 稳定性 Unity n. 一，统一，一致 Variation n. 变更，变化，变异，变种 Closed loop gain 闭环增益 Differential input amplifier 差分放大器 Inverting input 反相输入端 Ideal operation amplifier 理想运放(abbr. ideal op amp) Phase shift 相移 Voltage follower 射极跟随器 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Electronic circuit 电阻 resistance 电阻器 resistor 电容 capacitance 电容器 capacitor 电感 inductance 电感器 inductor 阻抗 impedance 导纳 conductance 二极管 diode 三极管 transistor 模拟电路 analog circuits 数字电路 digital circuits 模数转换器 ADCs analog-to-digital converters 交流 alternating current 直流 direct current 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Evolution of op amps Op amp symbol Tube op amp IC op amp - uA741 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Text and notes Frequency response will be flat and bandwidth infinite because AC will be simply a rapidly varying DC level to the ideal amplifier. 对于理想放大器而言，交流只不过是快速变化的直流，所以其频率响应是一条水平直线，带宽无限。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Text and notes An important by-product of these properties of the ideal operational amplifier is that the summing point, the inverting input, will conduct no current to the amplifier. 由理想运放的特性可得出一个很重要的结论，即放大器的反相输入端无电流流过。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Text and notes Though the ideal model may seem a bit remote from reality--with infinite gain, bandwidth, etc., it should be realized that the closed loop gain relations which will be derived in this section are directly applicable to real circuits-to within a few tenths of a percent in most cases. 尽管理想模型与实际电路相差甚远，比如，理想运放具有无限带宽和无穷大的增益，但需要明白的是，本节利用理想运放推导出的闭环增益公式可直接应用于实际电路，多数情况下两者相差仅为千分之几。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Text and notes If a small voltage, measured at the inverting input with respect to the non-inverting input, is assumed to exist, the amplifier output voltage will be of opposite polarity and can always increase in value (with infinite output available) until the voltage between the inputs becomes infinitesimally small. 假如在反相输入端测得与同相输入端之间存在一小电压，则放大器的输出电压与该输入电压极性相反且其数值会一直增加（可以是无穷大），直至输入电压变为无穷小为止。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Text and notes In control and instrumentation applications ,its practical value lies in the ease with which desired input impedance and gain values can be tailored to fit the requirements of the associated circuitry. 在控制与仪器仪表应用中，反相放大器的实际价值在于，利用它可以很容易地调整所需地输入电阻和增益值以适应相关电路地要求。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Grammar－数量的表示 科技文献中经常有大量数词出现。数词表示事物的数量或数目，其含义十分严格，理解或翻译时的疏忽和差错可能会引起严重的后果。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

1、数字的表示 数字的表示规则： 用单词表示不定数量或者近似值； 句首不用阿拉伯数字，一般用英语的单词，句末要尽量避免用阿拉伯数字； 两数连用时，分别用单词和阿拉伯数字表示，习惯上将短的用单词写出； 遇到分数，可用带连字符号的单词表示 Eg：Phase shift is 180° Eg：The gain of the voltage follower with the feedback loop closed is unity. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

2、不确定数字的表示 大约、左右：about/some/approximately/of the order of /more or less/or so 多于：over/above/more than/in excess of 少于：less than/under/below/close to 以复数形式表示：tens/dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands of /thousands upon thousands of 上海海事大学信息工程学院

某些表示数量的词和词组 修饰可数名词 修饰不可数名词 修饰可数或不可数名词 Few(几乎没有) little Some Not many(不多) Not much A lot of A few(少数几个) A little Plenty of A great many(很多) A great deal 上海海事大学信息工程学院

某些表示数量的词和词组 A small 少量的 A moderate 适量的 A certain 一定量的 A negligible 不多的 A large 多种 A great A considerable 很多 A substantial Number of (可数) Amount of (不可数) A certain/moderate/large + percentage/proportion/part/quantity of 上海海事大学信息工程学院

例句： The result indicated that actual error probabilities were of the order of 1 percent. The microwave communication channel has very large bandwidth and will accommodate thousands of telephone conversions or dozens of television channels at once. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

3、习惯短语 Economies associated with computer-on-a-chip have results in the availability of microcomputer systems with the functionality and performance of minicomputer systems costing two orders of magnitude more only a decade ago. The resistance of a given section of an electronic circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit. It is found that the heat energy developed in any conductor is proportional to (is in proportion to )the square of the current, the resistance of the conductor and the time. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

4、倍数增减 倍数的增减在汉语与英语中的表述有较大的差异，在汉语中增加可以是倍数分数，而减少则只能是分数，而倍数的增减又常常涉及到是否将基数计入其中。 N times as + 形容词/副词+as： N times + 名词或that…: N times + 比较级 ＋ than 是…的n倍，增加了(n-1)倍， 比…大(高，长等)(n-1)倍， 是…的1/n，比…小(n-1)/n； The power density from a transmitter measured 1m from an isotropic antenna is four times as large as the power density measured 2m from the same antenna. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

4、倍数增减 倍数增减的词＋n times/ to n times/ n fold/ by a factor of n: 译为：增加到n倍，或增加了n-1倍，减少到1/n，或减少(n-1)/n The production of ICs has been increased to three times as compared with last year. The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. An algorithm is given that reduces the number of multiplications by almost a factor of two but increases the number of additions. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

4、倍数增减 An n times/ n-fold+表示增减的名词: 译为：增加n-1倍，或增至n倍，减少到1/n，或减少(n-1)/n The principal advantage of the new type mobile is a four-fold reduction in power dissipation. 增加一倍、两倍、三倍分别用double、treble、quadruple表示，再高的倍数用n times/n fold。减半常用break/cut/split in half/into halves, decrease one-half, shorten… two times表示。 Reducing the data rate by one-half will double the duration of each symbol interval. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

冠词在科技文献的应用 一般应加冠词的情况 1）在单数可数名词前一般加冠词，泛指时多用不定冠词。 A transmitter consists commonly of several parts. A magnet has an S pole and an N pole. 2）对于前面提到过的东西、心目中特指的东西、带有后置修饰语的特指的东西前一般应使用定冠词。 The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

冠词在科技文献的应用 一般不加冠词的情况 　泛指的物质名词或不可数名词前一般不加冠词。表示一类的复数名词前也不加冠词。 Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture. 　论文的标题、书籍名称等可省去冠词。 introduction to computers. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

冠词在科技文献的应用 一般不加冠词的情况 Peking University 专有名词前一般不加冠词。在科技文写作中，涉及到单位名称和国家名称时需要注意以下几点： 一般由单个词表示的国家名称或一个地点名词加“大学”构成的专有名称前不加冠词； 由三个或三个以上的普通名词构成的单位或国家名称前要加定冠词（不过写在信封上或发表的论文作者下面等场合时一般可不加冠词）。 Peking University 上海海事大学信息工程学院

冠词在科技文献的应用 一般不加冠词的情况 图题中一般可省去冠词。 　图题中一般可省去冠词。 Figure 2-5 Effect of ammeter resistance on current in circuit. 　某些可数名词单数形式在泛指时可省去冠词。 　表示独一无二的人之前不用冠词。 　在人名的所有格之前不用冠词。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

分数的表示方法 五分之三 three fifths 二分之一 one (a) half (不能用one second) 1）一般方式：分子（基数词）/分母（序数词复数形式，分子不大于１时用单数形式）。 五分之三　three fifths 二分之一　one (a) half (不能用one second) 2）特别注意“零点几”、“零点零几”的表示： 分子为a few （或several），分母为tenths、hundredths等。 The voltage across the resistor is a few (several) tenths of a volt. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

千分之七 seven parts per (in a) thousand 分数表示法 3）科技界经常使用的两种分数表示法（表示“千分之…”、“万分之…”）： 　　分子用“基数词＋parts（基数词为１时用单数形式）”；分母用per或in a 或“in +阿拉伯数字”。 百万分之三　three parts per (in a) million 千分之七　seven parts per (in a) thousand 4）分子部分用“a(an)＋序数词＋part”表示；分母部分与上述表示法相同。 百万分之三　a third part in a million 千分之七　a seventh part in a thousand 上海海事大学信息工程学院

常用写作句型 1. 对M与N进行比较表明…… 3. 现有的…… A comparison of M and N …… available A comparison of M with N A comparison between M and N shows that …… 2. 因此，…… Thus, …… Therefore，…… As a result，…… ……so that （such that） …… 3. 现有的…… …… available …… we have （possess） the existing …… the current …… 4. 所产生的电流 …… the resultant current …… the resulting current …… the current which results 上海海事大学信息工程学院

句子练习 通过对算法A和算法B的实验结果对比，我们最终选择算法B作为后续应用的基础。 现有的检测算法不适用于该领域，因此我们提出了一种新算法。 上海海事大学信息工程学院

听力练习 3D晶体管（Tri-gate Transistor 三栅晶体）- 22纳米 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (1) An ideal operational amplifier has . a. infinite gain, infinite bandwidth, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance. b. infinite gain, infinite bandwidth, zero input impedance, infinite output impedance. c. infinite gain, zero bandwidth, infinite input impedance, infinite output impedance. d. zero gain, infinite bandwidth, infinite input impedance, infinite output impedance. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (1) An ideal operational amplifier has a . a. infinite gain, infinite bandwidth, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance. b. infinite gain, infinite bandwidth, zero input impedance, infinite output impedance. c. infinite gain, zero bandwidth, infinite input impedance, infinite output impedance. d. zero gain, infinite bandwidth, infinite input impedance, infinite output impedance. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (2) One of the summing constraints is . a. the inverting input conducts no current to the amplifier. b. no current flows into either input terminal of the ideal op amp. c. the inverting input is connected to the noninverting input. d. voltage between the two input terminals is non-zero. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (2) One of the summing constraints is b . a. the inverting input conducts no current to the amplifier. b. no current flows into either input terminal of the ideal op amp. c. the inverting input is connected to the noninverting input. d. voltage between the two input terminals is non-zero. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (3) For an inverting amplifier, . a. the output voltage is out of phase with the input voltage by 180° b. the phase difference between the input and output voltage is 90° c. the source signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal. d. there exits a positive feedback between the output and the input terminal. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (3) For an inverting amplifier, a . a. the output voltage is out of phase with the input voltage by 180° b. the phase difference between the input and output voltage is 90° c. the source signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal. d. there exits a positive feedback between the output and the input terminal. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (4) Which is not true about the voltage follower? . a. It is of no use because the output voltage is the same as that of the input. b. It is a special case of the noninverting amplifier. c. It can be used to isolate circuits and prevent undesired interaction. d. It may allow sources with low current capability to drive a heavy load. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (4) Which is not true about the voltage follower? a . a. It is of no use because the output voltage is the same as that of the input. b. It is a special case of the noninverting amplifier. c. It can be used to isolate circuits and prevent undesired interaction. d. It may allow sources with low current capability to drive a heavy load. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (5) For a Voltage follower, . a. the input impedance is very small. b. the output impedance is large. c. it has unity gain. d. there is current flowing through the feedback element. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (5) For a Voltage follower, c . a. the input impedance is very small. b. the output impedance is large. c. it has unity gain. d. there is current flowing through the feedback element. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 1. Choose the best answer of the following questions. (5) For a Voltage follower, c . a. the input impedance is very small. b. the output impedance is large. c. it has unity gain. d. there is current flowing through the feedback element. 2. Match each term in column A with its explanation in column B. (see next page) 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Column A Column B 1 Output Peak Current a the ratio between the input and output signals. 2 Output Voltage Swing b the minimum value of the small-signal gain bandwidth product (in Hz) of a voltage amplifier at specified frequency and at reference conditions. 3 Open-Loop Gain (AV) c the maximum dissipation that the amplifier can safely support. 4 Supply Voltage Range d the maximum rate of change of the output signal in response to a step input. 5 Power Dissipation e the maximum current that can be delivered in the output of the amplifier. 6 Gain Bandwidth Product f the total impedance as seen from the input terminals. 7 Common Mode Rejection Ratio g the maximum (positive and negative) output voltage 8 Slew Rate h a measure of the ability of the amplifier to produce zero output voltage when the two inputs have the same voltage. 9 Input Impedance i the range of voltages that an be applied to an amplifier. 10 Quiescent Current j the DC current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly drive the first stage. 11 Input Offset Voltage (VOS) k the current produced by the amplifier when in normal operation. 12 Input Bias Current (IBIAS) l a small DC output voltage when 0V is applied to the input. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Column A Column B e1 Output Peak Current a the ratio between the input and output signals. g2 Output Voltage Swing b the minimum value of the small-signal gain bandwidth product (in Hz) of a voltage amplifier at specified frequency and at reference conditions. a3 Open-Loop Gain (AV) c the maximum dissipation that the amplifier can safely support. i 4 Supply Voltage Range d the maximum rate of change of the output signal in response to a step input. c 5 Power Dissipation e the maximum current that can be delivered in the output of the amplifier. b6 Gain Bandwidth Product f the total impedance as seen from the input terminals. h7 Common Mode Rejection Ratio g the maximum (positive and negative) output voltage d8 Slew Rate h a measure of the ability of the amplifier to produce zero output voltage when the two inputs have the same voltage. f 9 Input Impedance i the range of voltages that an be applied to an amplifier. k10 Quiescent Current j the DC current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly drive the first stage. l11 Input Offset Voltage (VOS) k the current produced by the amplifier when in normal operation. j12 Input Bias Current (IBIAS) l a small DC output voltage when 0V is applied to the input. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

A data sheet of device ADL5202 It is a product of Analog Devices. Input return loss: 输入回波损耗 Output return loss: 输出回波损耗 Gain conformance error: 增益一致性误差 Phase conformance error: 相位一致性误差 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 3. Translate into Chinese. (1) Operational amplifiers can have either a closed-loop operation or an open-loop operation. The operation (closed-loop or open-loop) is determined by whether or not feedback is used. (2) In , Avf is called the closed loop gain of the op amp circuit, whereas Av is the open loop gain. The product AvF is called the loop gain. This is the gain a signal would see starting at the inverting input and traveling in a clockwise loop through the op amp and the feedback network. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 3. Translate into Chinese. (3) Although it is useful and easy to treat the op amp as a black box with a perfect input/output characteristic, it is important to understand the inner workings, so that one can deal with problems that will arise due to internal parasitic capacitances, etc. (4) When feedback is used around an operational amplifier, the closed loop gain of the circuit is determined by a ratio involving the input and feedback impedances used. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 3. Translate into Chinese. (5) In the case of the ideal operational amplifier, circuit analysis was simplified by the ideal summing point restraints of zero voltage and zero current at the inverting input. (6) The operational amplifier is an extremely efficient and versatile device, Its applications span the broad electronic industry filling requirements for signal conditioning, special transfer junctions, analog instrumentation, analog computation, and special systems design. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises 4. Read the following article, pay attention to the expressions in italics. CITING strong communications and consumer chip demand, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC) reported record sales and a six-fold increase in net profit for the fourth quarter of last year. It also said it plans to increase capital expenditure more than 60 percent this year to US$2 billion – indicating that an industry recovery is well under way. The world’s largest made-to-order semiconductor manufacturer, or foundry, recorded a fourth quarter net profit of NT$16.02 billion (US$815.3 million) – a 526.9 percent increase year on year. Revenue was NT$57.78billion, up 5.3 percent from the third quarter and 40.4 percent from a year earlier. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises TSMC closed 2003 with sales of NT$201.9 billion, an increase of 25.6 percent from 2002, and income of NT$57.266 billion, an increase of 118.7 percent from the previous year. Growth was driven largely by communications products, said TSMC chairman Morris Chang. Communication chip sales grew from about 35 percent of total sales in the fourth quarter of 2002 to 42 percent of total sales by the fourth quarter of last year. According to Tony Massimini, chief of technology research at US based Semico 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Exercises Research Corp:“The recovery will be driven by consumer and communications markets.”Cellular phone handset sales are forecast to grow about 10 percent to more than half a billion units this year, and the chip content in many consumer products is doubling or tripling due to increased functions. The foundry industry as a whole will grow as much as 43 percent this year, according to some forecasts. Such anticipated growth is leading to increased spending. Mr. Chang said yesterday TSMC will spend US$2 billion to build capacity, and US$1.5 billion of this will be spent on building 12-inch capacity. TSMC’s rival United Microelectronics Corp is expected to increase capital expenditure more than four-fold this year. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Reading Material Digital System Design Hierarchy Four parts: The system and register levels The gate level Transistor and physical design levels Electronic technologies 上海海事大学信息工程学院

New words Capacitor 电容器 Diode 二极管 Family 族，一群相似的事物 Gate (逻辑)门 Operator 算子 Passive 无源的 Register 寄存器 Route (经由某一路线)发送 Semicustom 半定制 Combinational logic circuit 组合逻辑电路 Peripheral devices 外设 Printed circuit boards 印制电路板 Sequential logic circuits 时序逻辑电路 ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits)专用集成电路 GaAs (allium arsenide) 砷化镓 IC (integrated circuits) 集成电路 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Assignment Do exercises 1,2 ,3 and 4 in page 37; Read the reading material. 上海海事大学信息工程学院

Further reading material Yuang Zhang, Li Li, Zhonghai Lu, et.al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 38 (2014) 415–430 A survey of memory architecture for 3D chip multi-processors 上海海事大学信息工程学院