第14届国际超高能宇宙线相互作用学术会议情况汇报 马宇倩 中国科学院高能物理研究所 2019/5/3 2006年高能物理年会

关于 ISVHECRI 超高能宇宙线领域的重要系列会议：展示和交流在超高能宇宙线相互作用研究领域的重要成果或重大项目的进展情况（国际超高能宇宙线相互作用研讨会ISVHECRI），重点能区：能量在1014 eV以上的超高能原初宇宙线 相互作用模型和超前区物理。 1980年 在俄罗斯，第1届，开始于乳胶室研究的需要。 1986年 在北京， 第4届（当时的的大会总结报告中曾经提到: 通过这次会议才知道中国人也在研究宇宙线。） 2001年（CERN），2003年（Greece），第12，13届，转向CR与加速器物理在高能相互作用，超前区物理上的交流，课题扩展 2006年，LHC 投入运行前的最后一次会议－－ UHCR领域太需要 Accelerator 的实测结果了。目的明确，重点突出。 本次会议首次成为 IUPAP sponsored conference， 2006年度，C－type 会议文集为正式SCI 刊物 ” Nuclear Physics B （Proc. Suppliment）” （1977 年后）

“上下未形，何有考之？阴阳三合，何本何化？” 屈原（公元前324年－公元前278年） 天问： “上下未形，何有考之？阴阳三合，何本何化？” 意思是如何能考证清楚天地是怎样形成的？阴阳组合而形成的万物，什么是基本的，什么是衍生出来的？

会议组织 主办单位： 承办单位： 国际纯粹物理和应用物理学会（IUPAP） 中国科学院（CAS） 中国国家自然科学基金委 （NSFC） 中国物理学会，中国高能物理学会 中科院高科技中心 中国科学院高能物理所 山东大学 承办单位：

XIV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions Weihai, China, August 15-22, 2006 International Advisory Committee (IAC)， 13   Alan A. Watson (Leeds, UK ,Chairman) Zhen Cao (Beijing, China ) Ralph Engel (Karlsruhe, Germany) Masaki Fukushima (Tokyo, Japan) Tom Gaisser (Bartol, USA ) Paolo Lipari (INFN, Italy ) Bryan Pattison (CERN , Geneva) Oscar Saavedra (Torino, Italy ) Edison Shibuya (Campinas, Brasil) Pierre Sokolsky (Utah, USA ) Sergey Slavatinsky (Moscow, Russia ) Suresh Tonwar (Mumbai, India ) Ricardo Vazquez (Spain) Local Organizing Committee (LOC)，17 Yuqian MA (IHEP, Chairman) Mao HE (Shandong University, Co. Chairman) Jin CHANG (Purple Mountain Observatory) Hesheng CHEN (IHEP) K.S.Cheng (Hongkong University) Tiejun DENG (IHEP, Administrative Secretary) Huihai HE (IHEP) Hongbo HU (IHEP) JinYu LI (Shandong University) Tan LU (Purple Mountain Observatory)) Xinhua MA (IHEP) Xianru MENG (Tibet University) Huanyu WANG (IHEP) Zhiguo YAO (IHEP) Li ZHANG (Yunnan University) XueYao ZHANG (Shandong University) Qingqi ZHU (IHEP, Scientific Secretery)

会议简况 参加人数和提交报告的数量超出预计 到会正式代表 130人 来自美、日、俄、德、意、法等世界19个国家的研究人员 85人 到会正式代表 130人 来自美、日、俄、德、意、法等世界19个国家的研究人员 85人 来自中国大陆、香港、台湾等地区的研究人员 45人 共安排会议报告和讨论133人次 11 invited talk（3 summary） 35 Highlight talk 59 contributed talk 20 posters others（Lattes section，mem to Lu Zhen， Slavatinsky，etc） 特邀报告和亮点报告均由国际顾问委员会（IAC）和LOC提名和邀请，数量多、质量高，突出反映了会议主题，涵盖了国际上所有与超高能相互作用研究相关的大型国际合作项目。 参加人数和提交报告的数量超出预计

ISVHECRI2006：Program Accelerator Data on Hadronic Interactions （14） Models and Theories of Hadronic Interactions （13） Emulsion Chamber and Space / Balloon Borne Cosmic Ray Experiments （17） UHE Cosmic Rays, Exotic Phenomena and Dark Matter （16） VHE Cosmic Rays: Measurement of Air Shower Secondaries （24） Origin of Cosmic Rays, Gamma / Neutrino Astrophysics （26） Summary of the Symposium （3） Posters （20） Total：133

宇宙线物理学家的期望 开设了专题 ，邀请了 CERN，Femi Lab等加速器相关领域的专家到会，交流和探讨在粒子物理和宇宙线物理共同感兴趣的领域如高能粒子相互作用和朝前区物理等方面已有的成果和今后打算。宇宙线物理学家对于LHC及其相关实如高能粒子相互作用和朝前区物理等方面已有的成果和今后打算。宇宙线物理学家对于LHC及其相关实验（CMS, ATLAS, TOTEM, LHCf, MIPP）在测量高能粒子相互作用和朝前区物理研究方面可能做出的贡献表示了极大的兴趣和期望。为此会议安排了三分之一的时间，比较突出讨论了加速器(例如ISR，SPS, Tevatron, RHIC, HERA, LHC)实验的有关结果和强子多重产生的现代理论模型(例如 QCD parton ladder 模型, QCD minijet 模型)，强调完善宇宙线实验中不可缺少的强子蒙特卡洛产生器的必要性。

共 22 invited/highlight talks

Cosmic Rays and Accelerators

LHC forward physics projects and summary of accelerator experiments pp and ep collider experiments: present and future HERA Tevatron LHC Heavy Ion Collisions (RHIC/LHC) Fixed target experiments Albert De Roeck (CERN) ISVHECRI Weihai, 15-22 August 2006

Forward Detectors at HERA Roman pots and forward calorimeter for neutrals

HERA and the LHC 2nd workshop on the implication of HERA for LHC physics HERA will finish mid 2007. Did we forget something? Cosmic Ray Community Welcome! Last Meeting: plenary talk of R. Engel ADR CERN) & H. Jung (DESY) Next meeting: March 07 (DESY)

Forward Detectors in IP5: CMS/TOTEM Extend the reach in  from ||<5 to || <6.7 + neutral energy at zero degrees T1 3.1<  <4.7 T2 5.3< <6.7 Castor 5.25< <6.5 ZDC @ 140 m CASTOR

LHCf: an LHC Experiment for Astroparticle Physics LHCf: measurement of photons and neutral pions and neutrons in the very forward region of LHC Add an EM calorimeter at 140 m from the Interaction Point (IP1 ATLAS) For low luminosity running

Possible Forward Measurements All events Energy flow at high pseudorapidity (~ 6.7) Transverse energy (limited) Total/inelastic cross sections Fraction of diffractive dissociation Particle multiplicities Electrons, photons, hadrons Jets more limited (acceptance) (muons maybe in limited region with additional detectors, see H. Jung et al HERA/LHC workshop) Single diffractive Full simulation V. Popov, R. Engel, T. Dova

Measurements for hadronic models R. Engel

Measurements for hadronic models

Measurements for hadronic models Predictions in the forward region within the CMS/TOTEM acceptance

CR community “needs” get more regularly integrated in programs of new experiments (LHC, MIPP, NA49 upgrade, HARP…) LHC detectors can offer measurements of the type wanted by the CR community. Some extensions still under discussion and would need additional funds and manpower to be completed. CR community should consider to more actively participate in these experiments Example La Plata/Buenos Aires group (T. Dova et al) Participate in Auger and in ATLAS with the one of the aims to measure diffractive/forward cross sections, joined last year. LHC experiments are still open to new groups. Definitely still room and ideas to increase the forward accpetance. MIPP looking for aditional collaborators. NA49 upgrade may need the support to get approved Maybe time to revise the needs list? What has/will be measured with sufficient accuracy? What would need to be improved? What new measurements would be needed (eg. HERA, before closing down) Summary

MC results comparing L3+C and others measurement Red line: this work, 10% error of primary spectrum taken account MC result from Cosika had been presented by Pierre Le Coultre for L3+C, on NOON, 2002

The p-p total cross-section The ATLAS approach is to measure elastic scattering down to such small t-values that the cross section becomes sensitive to the EM amp. via the Coulomb interference term. LHC measurement of sTOT expected to be at the 1% level – useful in the extrapolation up to HECR energies 10% difference in measurements of Tevatron Expts: (log s) James L. Pinfold IVECHRI 2006 14

相关的大型宇宙线国际合作项目的进展 代表反映，能在一次会议上获得有关项目的这么全面的信息，很受启发，收获很大。 几个主要项目(AGASA, HiRes, Yakutsk和Auger)之间在极高能区粒子能量测量是否存在GZK 截断的问题上的分歧都有所缩小，但是对膝区宇宙线成分的推断所依赖的模型问题仍未解决 。各实验组(羊八井 ASγ, KASCADE, GRAPES，Chacaltaya-帕米尔，KANBALA，BAKSAN, CosmoALEPH)之间的尖锐差异依旧存在。 与会者提出了一些解决这个难题的新实验(SPHERE,ARGO, IceTop, LOPES, TA, CRTNT, GAMMA) 和新思路 报道了初级宇宙线空间测量(BESS,ATIC, JEM/EUSO, CREAM,HEGAT-DMS), 大气中微子振荡(Super-K)，寻找宇宙线中微子源(IceCube/AMANDA)和甚高能宇宙线 gamma 点源(MAGIC,SHALON)的最新进展 少数关于奇异事例的研究报告。 代表反映，能在一次会议上获得有关项目的这么全面的信息，很受启发，收获很大。

共 24 invited/highlight talks

Particle Physics talks were really excellent - a standard to emulate by many speakers New awareness of cosmic rays within the particle physics community Pierre Auger had a clause inserted into the CERN charter to include the study of cosmic rays Important issues are INPUT OF REAL DATA through RHIC and existing fixed target and collider data, PLUS the promise of FORWARD PHYSICS at LHC and studies of PION INTERACTIONS at FNAL

Knee (~1015eV) I particle/ (m2 year) Proton-(anti)Proton cross-sections – important for measuring extensive air shower development (EAS), every primary particle produces an EAS James L. Pinfold IVECHRI 2006 4

Spencer Klein: Lessons for Cosmic-Ray studies Shadowing/Saturation/colored glass condensate reduces effective parton densities at low-x Reduced forward particle production Unclear effect on inelasticity How is energy flow affected? Strange particle production rises with system size, and is fully equilibrated for ion-ion collisions Medium pT baryons enhancement may be significiant Cosmic-ray ions-N2 are ‘perfect liquid’ interactions Less high pT particle production than for p-N2 collisions Some phenomena could change at high enough energies. Observed effects vary smoothly with collision Npart Can predict for He-N, C-N… collisions, at least at RHIC energies Caution – p-A might be anomalous here

MIPP(Main Injector Particle Production) at FNAL Rajendran Raja  Beams of ,K,p both charges from 5 GeV  100 GeV, to measure particle production on nuclei  ~Full acceptance MIP upgrade Increase data taking rate by a factor 100 Increase acceptance in the backward region Lower beam momenta/ K0 and neutron beams 30 Nuclei from H2  U EG N2 is on the list Looking for interested collaborators to join for the analysis/data taking Timeline: run end of 2006 in upgrade mode with the current beam MIPP-like experiment at 1 TeV beam?

Forward Physics Detectors at the LHC CMS/TOTEM CASTOR ZDC Calorimeter LHCf and others at the LoI stage

LHCf: an LHC Experiment for Astroparticle Physics: wisdom of Kakenhi agency in Japan LHCf: measurement of photons and neutral pions and neutrons in the very forward region of LHC Adding an EM calorimeter at 140 m from the Interaction Point (IP1 ATLAS) For low luminosity running

Deviations of data from E-3 line through first point of Auger data x 3 aaw/Oct 2005

Relative fractions of p, He and CNO are dependent on model (After Ulrich’s talk) Relative fractions of p, He and CNO are dependent on model BUT – break in p is ~ 600 TeV and in He at ~ 1200 TeV Very different from the Tibet result (~ 100 TeV)

My conclusions Tibet data are statistically limited (177 events in 3 years) and require an understanding of emulsion chambers GRAPES data should be analysed using KASCADE methods of deconvolution KASCADE group should show their results along with direct measurements. These are not ‘perfect’ right now but better data will come and they may ‘guide the thoughts’. The KASCADE data are not perfect either! What will the conclusion on composition be: KASCADE and GRAPES or Tibet? Do we need hadronic interaction models to find out?

中国物理学家的贡献 中国学者共做 7 invited/highliat, 11 oral，11 posters 邀请报告： «银河系磁场测量的最新结果» （国家天文台韩金林） «L3+C 宇宙线研究» （高能所姚治国） «北京极高能宇宙线中微子会议总结和CRTNT项目 预先研究», （高能所 曹臻） «空间高能电子测量» （紫金山天文台 常进） «来自银河系正负电子湮灭的gamma 线» （香港大学郑广生） «超对称理论现状和展望» （理论所 刘纯） «用中微子望远镜探测振荡和惰性中微子的混合图像» （高能所 邢志忠） 其他： 如：«改进羊八井现有实验设备研究强碰撞极端朝前区强子行为» （高能所丁林垲）等 亦获得与会者极大兴趣。

Conclusive Remarks: More data needed -- Pulsar RMs are powerful probes Halo field Disk field Spatial Energy spectrum Radial dependence 银河系磁场结构（韩金林）

High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center – e+/e- Annihilation （KS Cheng， HKU） We suggest that the capture of stars by the Galactic BH is a possible mechanism to produce the observed TeV, GeV and 511KeV annihilation lines via hadronic collisions The repeated capture model is the most plausible one, in which the proton collision time scale is much shorter than the thermalization time scale of positrons in order to explain the annihilation rate of 1043 e+/s due to the screening effect of clouds. Because the gamma-ray emission is direct decay of neutral pion the intensity of gamma-rays should correlate with the higher density This model predicts that some nearby normal galaxies could be candidates of EGRET unidentified sources due to the same mechanism

About Future 会议讨论了ISVHECRI系列会议今后的方向，比较一致的意见是：组织形式上需要变革；会议内容方面既要扩展，容纳各种观测手段；又要集中，保持以“超高能宇宙线的相互作用”为主线；加强与加速器测量队伍的联系和交流。变革的具体方案将在会后进一步讨论落实。

关于会务 本次会议除三名专职会务人员（外事、会计、会务各一名）外，所有会务工作均由LOC秘书组、高能所和山东大学的科研人员、研究生承担。 会议秘书组在申请IUPAP sponsorship，调整和组建IAC，组织学术报告，会务组织等方面全面负责；选择的会址亦备受称赞； 特别是山东大学会议中心在旅游旺季为这次会议提供了特价； 组建的IAC成员精干，确实发挥了顾问的作用； 秘书组编排的会议日程和内容被誉为“很有专业水准”； 资助一批第三世界国家的学者参加会议 所有这些保证了会议获得圆满成功。 这也是我国学者参会数量最多的一次国际性宇宙线会议；主办这次会议为我国的宇宙线物理工作者提供了学习、交流、展示成果的机会；也为今后在我国举办规模更大的国际宇宙线系列会议锻炼了队伍、积累了经验。

有兴趣者可参考会议网页 http://isvhecri2006.ihep.ac.cn 结 语 我国的宇宙线研究放在了高能物理所，此情况不多。 我国有国际知名的羊八井高山观测站， 我国的高能物理学家参加了 LHC 一些项目的合作， ？ 可否在超高能相互作用和超前区物理方面形成一些课题？ ？ 这一工作 基本上在 LHC 运行初期是最佳时机，如果“机不可失”，是否有可能尽早开始？ 有兴趣者可参考会议网页 http://isvhecri2006.ihep.ac.cn