初三英语总复习语法系列训练 英语的时态 （2）

六、现在完成时 1．现在完成时的构成：助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词 注：has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有人称。 2．现在完成时的用法： （1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。例如： ① I have never heard of that before. ② Have you ever ridden a horse? ③ She has already finished the work. ④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. ⑤ I’ve just lost my science book. 有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。

（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 如：for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。 ① I haven’t seen her these days. ② She has learnt English for 3 years. ③ They have lived here since 1990. ④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years? 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。

（3）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如： I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park. （4） have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别： ★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。 ★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。 试比较： He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿） He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。

一般过去时与现在完成时之比较 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 ◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。 ◎ 共同的时间状语有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately等。　 ◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。

请大家认真分析比较下列各例句： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　 She has returned from Paris.　 （她已从巴黎回来了。） She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。） He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago.　 ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如： （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别： 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 　　 He has completed the work.　　 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) 　　 I've known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until 从句的差异： 　　 延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” ；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。 　　 He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 　　他到10 点才回来。 　　 He slept until ten o'clock.　　　　　 　　他一直睡到10点。

典型例题： 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met　 B. have met　 C. met　 D. meet 答案B ；首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 　--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　 D. will be 答案A ； 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

七、过去完成时的用法 1、概念：表示过去的过去。 -----------|----------------|--------------------|----> 那时以前　 那时　 现在 其结构是：had + 过去分词 2、过去完成时的用法： （1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。 By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. （2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。 Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.　

（3）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. （4）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. （5）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. （6）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 　 He said that he had learned some English before. 　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

用一般过去时代替完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 　When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 　My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 　When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 　Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

八、一般过去将来时 时间 现在 过去 一、基本概念： 那时所预见的情况 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。 1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him 2) My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more. 3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness?

二、基本形式： would／should＋动词原形 （其中 would 用于各种人称， should 常用于第一人称）。 例如： They were sure they would win the final victory． 他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。 He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there． 他没想到我们都在那里。 上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。

三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式： 1．was／were＋going to＋动词原形 He said he was going to try． 他说他准备试试。 2．was／were＋to＋动词原形 They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day． 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。 3．was／were about＋动词原形 We were about to go out when it began to rain． 我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。 4．过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如 go，come， leave，start， open，begin 等）也可用于表示将来。 I didn't know when they were coming again． 我不知道他们什么时候再来。

四、用法注意点： 1．在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如： He said he would come to see you when he had time． 他说他有时间就来看望你。 2．“would＋动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，都可用would。 When he was a child he would get up early． 他年幼时，总是很早起床。 考例精练： 1．We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon．（MET93） A．leaves B．would leave C．left D．had left 2．— Alice, why didn't you come yesterday？    — I ____ ，but I had an unexpected visitor．（NMET97） A．had B．would C．was going to D．did

1. The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital.   A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died   2. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways.   A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned   3. I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science.   A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become   C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become   4. I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.   A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped   5. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come