句子成分的省略(3)
三、状语从句中的省略情况 1、常见的形式 “状语从句连接词 +过去分词[形容词;介词短语;名词] ” 在绝大多数情况下,这等效于在从句中省去了“it is (was)”或“they are (were)”。这里的“it”和“they”一般指的是主句中的主语。
(1) “状语从句连接词 + 过去分词” 的情况(最常见) Metals(金属) expand(膨胀) when heated(受热). Every body(物体), whether(不论) accelerated(加速) or not, can be considered(看成) in equilibrium(平衡). According to(根据) the first law of motion(第一运动定律), a body(物体) at rest(处于静止) will remain(保持) in the state(状态) of rest unless(除非) acted upon(受到作用) by an external force(外力).
(2) “状语从句连接词 + 形容词”的情况 A constant number(常数), however(无论怎么) large, is never(永不) spoken of as(被说成) infinite(无穷大). The calculation(计算) of such fields(场) is extremely(极其) complicated(复杂的), if not impossible.
(4) “状语从句连接词 + 名词”的情况(不常见) (3) “状语从句连接词 + 介词短语”的情况 This leads to(导致) the conclusion(结论) that the charges(电荷) of a proton(质子) and an electron, while(虽然) of opposite sign(相反的符号), are equal(相等的) in magnitude(大小). Let us consider(考虑) distances positive(正) if to the right(右边) of O. (4) “状语从句连接词 + 名词”的情况(不常见) A substance(物质), whether(不论) a solid(固体), a liquid(液体) or a gas, may be an insulator(绝缘体) or a conductor(导体).
2、某些固定的特殊省略式状语从句 由“if, when, whenever, where, wherever”等分别与“necessary”和“possible”的各种组合,以及“if any”(“如果有的话”;“即使有也”)、“if so”(“如果是这样的话”)、“if not”(“要是不”)等状语从句中省略主语和谓语(或其一部分)。
This equation(方程), if necessary, can be converted(转换) to a time function(时函数). VLSI(大规模集成电路) devices(器件) should be used where possible. A possible(可能的) sine-wave(正弦波) oscillator(振荡器) circuit(电路) is shown in Fig. 2 – 6. Will it work? If so, find(求出) the frequency(频率) and the amplitude(振幅) of vz. If not, explain(说明) why not.
3、在由“no matter what = whatever”和“no matter how = however”引导的让步状语从句中,经常省去“may be”或“is; are”等。 Unless(除非) a force acts(作用) through a distance, no work(功) is done, no matter how (= however) great the force.