homework 6 Wicked & Tame Problem -Team 3

Wicked Problem & Tame Problem The history The definition The comparison What the………？？？

Professor Horst Rittel (1972), a designer, coined the term 'wicked problems' to describe these messy situations.

“tame problems”是指常規科學能夠有效解決的那些問題， “wicked problems”是指常規科學不能夠有效解決的那些問題， 在瑞特爾“一般規劃理論的困境”(Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning)一文中， “wicked problems”是相對於“tame problems”而言的， “tame problems”是指常規科學能夠有效解決的那些問題， “wicked problems”是指常規科學不能夠有效解決的那些問題， 因而將其分別譯為“正規問題”和“奇異問題”， 想法源自於數學中的“正規解”與“奇異解”。

tame problems wicked problems Problem formulation 問題簡述 能夠被清楚地寫下。 順手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 Can be clearly written down. The problem can be stated as a gap between what is and what 'ought' to be. There is easy agreement about the problem definition. 能夠被清楚地寫下。 問題可以被陳述為一個是什麼和應該是什麼。對於問題的定義有簡單一致的同意。 Problem formulation 問題簡述 Difficult to define. Many possible explanations may exist. Individuals perceive the issue differently. Depending on which explanation one chooses, the solution takes on a different form. 很難去定義。 很多可能的解釋也許存在。每個獨立的個體所了解到的議題是不同的。視所選擇的解釋而定，解決方法也呈現不同的形式。

tame problems wicked problems Testability 易測性 可以被測試出對的或錯的 順手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 Potential solutions can be tested as either correct or false   可能的解決方法 可以被測試出對的或錯的 Testability 易測性 There is no single set of criteria for whether a solution is right or wrong, they can only be more or less acceptable relative to each other 棘手問題的解答沒有對或錯，而是「比較好」、「更差」、「夠好了」或「不夠好」。

tame problems wicked problems Finality 決定性 解決方法和結束點。 總是有 改善的空間和潛在的影響 順手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 Problems have a clear solution and ending point 問題有清楚的 解決方法和結束點。 Finality 決定性 There is always room for more improvement and potential consequences may continue indefinitely 總是有 改善的空間和潛在的影響 會無限延伸。

tame problems wicked problems Level of analysis 層次的分析 順手問題 棘手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 It is possible to bound the problem and identify its root cause. There is no need to argue about the level at which to intervene. 能夠連結問題和確立根本原因。沒有必要去爭執關於從哪個層次介入。 Level of analysis 層次的分析 Every problem can be considered a symptom of another problem. It has no identifiable root cause and one is not sure of the appropriate level at which to intervene. 每一個問題可以被視為另外一個問題的癥兆。它沒有確立的根本原因也不確定該從哪個適當的層次介入。

tame problems wicked problems Replicability 可重複性 也許會不斷的重複。 順手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 It may repeat itself many times 也許會不斷的重複。 Replicability 可重複性 Every problem is essentially unique. 每一個問題基本上都是獨特的。

tame problems wicked problems Reproducability 可重製性 順手問題 棘手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 Solutions can be trialled and excluded until the correct solution is found 解決方法可以被試驗再排除，直到找到正確的解決方法 Reproducability 可重製性 Each problem is a one-shot operation. Once a solution is attempted, you cannot undo what you have already done 每一個問題都是一次性作用。一旦一個解決方法被試過了，你沒辦法撤銷掉你先前已經做過的。

Problem Solution tame problems wicked problems Problem Solution 順手問題 Characteristic 特徵 wicked problems 棘手問題 Problem Problem Solution More Problem Solution More Solution

The relation between the groups Finally…………………..

如果大眾能將意見反饋給企業，那麼企業能針對大眾的想法改良出更好的產品。

Designer

Engineer Stylist

Business People

People in general

0ur Model

Sources http://www.open.ac.uk/cpdtasters/gb052/i ndex.htm http://techsoup- taiwan.ning.com/profiles/blogs/gai-bian http://www.christopheravery.com/blog/lea dership-skills-know-the-difference- between-wicked-and-tame-problems/ http://lw.zaizhiboshi.com/article/html/2656 6_4.html http://crossexaminedblog.com/tag/wicked -vs-tame-problems/ Sources

Thank you for your listening. -Team 3