“Environmental Justice: Theory and U.S. Practice” 环境正义：理论 与美国的现实 Scott Wilson ( 施康德 ) （美国）南方大学 政治学系 系主任 教授 武汉大学 环境法 客座教授 （ 2014-15 ） 富布莱特学者 （ 2014-15 ）

Presentation on theme: "“Environmental Justice: Theory and U.S. Practice” 环境正义：理论 与美国的现实 Scott Wilson ( 施康德 ) （美国）南方大学 政治学系 系主任 教授 武汉大学 环境法 客座教授 （ 2014-15 ） 富布莱特学者 （ 2014-15 ）"— Presentation transcript:

1 “Environmental Justice: Theory and U.S. Practice” 环境正义：理论 与美国的现实 Scott Wilson ( 施康德 ) （美国）南方大学 政治学系 系主任 教授 武汉大学 环境法 客座教授 （ 2014-15 ） 富布莱特学者 （ 2014-15 ） swilson@sewanee.edu

2  Personal background 个人的背景  Not a law professor but a political scientist 政治科学家  Emphasize intersection of politics and law 重视法律与政治的 交点  Today’s talk looks at three related aspects of the environmental justice movement 讲座考虑环境正义运动 的三个相关点  US legislation is an important aspect of its 美国法律、法规  US system is well known for litigation 美国起诉案件  Social movements, such as the environmental movement are also important 美国社会运动，比如环保运动 Introduction

3 Introduction, continued: A Real Estate Sign 一 个房产广告

4  Justice is an important concept that applies to many fields 不同的专业用 “ 正义 ” 的概念  Law 法学  Politics 政治科学  Philosophy 哲学  Sense of “injustice” is the basis for many environmental movements 非正义的感觉推动环保运动  The environmental justice movement attempts to address “injustice” using 环保正义运动试试纠正非正义事件  Lawsuits 起诉  Social mobilization 社会运动  Raise consciousness 提起意识程度 Introduction, continued

5  What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是什么概念？  The rise of the environmental justice movement in the U.S. 环境 正义运动在美国怎么启动  Racial and social inequality and the practice of environmental protection. 种族、社会不平等与环境保护现实  Environmental justice legal and political struggles in the U.S. 环 境正义与法律、政治的斗争  Globalization and environmental justice issues. 环境正义运动与 全球化  Environmental justice and considerations for China. 环境正义与 中国的思考  Conclusions. 结论 Outline of Today’s Presentation 报告内容的组 织

6  From the U.S. EPA: “Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. EPA has this goal for all communities and persons across this Nation. It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work.” 来自美国的环保局的资料： “ 环境正义 是指不论种族、肤色、国别或收入，所有人在环境法律、法规 与政策的发展、实施与执行上都享有的平等对待和实质参与。 环保局为了全美国的人群和个人而支持这一目标。只有当所有 人都享有同样程度的保护，以免于遭受环境与健康危害，都享 有平等的机会参与决策，以拥有健康的生活、学习与工作环境 时，这一目标才能实现。 ”( 美国的环保局） What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？

7  Definition of “environmental racism”: “the intentional placement of hazardous waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting industries in communities inhabited mainly by African-Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, migrant farm workers, and the working poor.” (From UCC Report)  来自联合基督教教派的报告： “ 有意地将有害垃圾场、 垃圾填埋场、垃圾焚烧厂、排污企业安排在非裔美 国人、拉美裔、印第安人、亚洲人、太平洋岛国人、 农业移民工人和底层劳工聚居的地方。 ” What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ continued

8  美国的县级数字： 黑人口占百分之多 少县里总人口 白色： 12% 以下  金色： 12-24 ． 9%  深金色： 25-39 ． 9%  红色： 40% 以上

9 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (examples of injustice 非正义的例 子 ) continued  Louisiana’s “cancer alley” 路易斯安那州的 癌症胡同  Petroleum, refineries and chemical factories 石油、炼油厂、化工 厂  State has business tax exemptions 营业税减 免

10 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (examples of injustice 非正义的例 子 ) continued  Louisiana ranks near the bottom in terms of poverty and education 贫 困程度高、教育程度低  High levels of per capita toxic releases 人均有毒污染的程度特别 高  Deep Horizon (BP) oil spill (2010) 漏 油事件  4.9 million barrels (771 million liters)  Harmed habitat 生态受害  $4.5 billion penalty from EPA  McCastle v. Rollins (1980)  Residents opposed oil waste dump  Settled case in 1987  Basis of social movement to stop environmental damage in area

11 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (examples of injustice 非正义的例 子 ) continued Placement of trash incinerators in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. 宾 夕法尼亚州， Dauphin 县垃圾焚烧厂的附近人口概况

12 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (examples of injustice 非正义的例 子 ) continued  Los Angeles County racial distribution and location of toxic release facilities 洛杉矶 的排有害污染 厂与少数种族 人口分配

13  Root cause: Powerful groups can exercise informal influence 根本原因：权威大的群体有不正式势力  NIMBY (not in my backyard) （临避）运动  Cost of electoral competitions is very high 美国的精选活动 的费用非常高  Middle and upper class have many resources 中阶级以上的群 体的物资多  Middle and upper class have influence with officials 中阶级以 上的群体与官员有影响  Middle and upper classes actively participate in social groups 中阶级以上的群体更参加社会组织 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (Causes of Racial Injustice 环境非 正义的原因 ) Continued

14  Resources used to influence politicians in NIMBY movements 邻避运动中美国人群可用的资源  Votes 投票权  Campaign donations 选举捐赠  Private relations 私人关系  Protests 抗议  Civil society groups 公民社会组织  Lawsuits 起诉案件  Property values are much higher in wealthier neighborhoods in the U.S. than in poor neighborhoods 富 裕邻居的房产价值比贫困邻居的贵  Wealthy people are mobile 富裕家会搬家 What is “environmental justice?” 环境正义是 什么概念？ (Causes of Racial Injustice 环境非 正义的原因 ) Continued

15  Roots are in the civil rights movement 根本在民权运 动  Participating groups 参与运动的群体  Blacks 黑人  Latinos/Latinas 拉美裔美国人  Native Americans 美国本土人  Impoverished class 底层穷工人  Women 女生  Early struggles in the environmental justice movement 环境正义运动的早期案例 Emergence of the U.S. Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的发展程序

16 Environmental Justice Struggles: Warren County, North Carolina 北卡州， Warren 县的 环境正义抗议

17  NC state plans for a toxic waste landfill in Warren County 洲际政府 安排了有毒的废物场在 Warren 县  Warren County population is very poor and has a high concentration of blacks Warren 县的人口特别穷，而且黑人集中  Background of the protest 抗议的背景  In 1978, oil with PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) was deliberately spilled on highways （ 1978 年一家公司有意地泄漏 PCB 污染的石油在高速公路 上  Arrests, but no clean up of site 人被逮捕，但是现场没修复  Landfill would also have PCB contaminated soil 废物场要 PCB 污染的土壤  Plans for special disposal were not followed 特殊技术的规划没执行了  Four years of legal struggles 四年的起诉斗争 Environmental Justice Struggles: Warren County, North Carolina 北卡州， Warren 县的 环境正义抗议 continued

18  Start of the protest in 1982 启动抗议  500 demonstrators participated (500 参与抗 议的人被逮捕 )  The protest attracted a diverse coalition 抗议参 与的人多、包括多元性 的人群  NAACP joined ( 全国非裔 美国组织参加 )  United Church of Christ joined the protest ( 联合 基督教会参加 )

19 Environmental Justice Struggles: Warren County, North Carolina 北卡州， Warren 县的 环境正义抗议 continued U.S. Government Accounting Office Study of four landfills in the south 四 个垃圾填埋场的数据（自美国的政府会计办公室报告 1983 年 6 月 1 日 )

20  United Church of Christ Report (1987) 联合基督教会 的报告（ 1987 ）  First use of the term “environmental racism” 第一次用 “ 环境歧视种族主义 ” 的概念  Report used statistical analysis to determine cause of landfill sitings 报告用统计相关性分析  Results showed race was the most important determinant of siting 分析的结果 Environmental Justice Struggles: Warren County, North Carolina 北卡州， Warren 县的 环境正义抗议 continued

21  U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 民事权力法律（ 1964 ）  Section 601: No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance 601 条：禁 止用政府钱的机构在行为、项目中自固定地歧视群体  Section 602: federal agencies have the obligation to enforce section 601 602 条：政府机构被授权为了执行 601 条 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础

22  President Clinton’s Executive Order 12989 (Clinton 总 统的 12989 号行政指令 )  Administrative offices must develop and improve methods to reduce disproportional environmetnal outcomes 行政部门必需完善减轻不相称环境结果的手 段  The executive order established the legal concept of “disproportionate outcomes” 指令树立 “ 不相称结果 ” 的 法律概念  Broadened the idea of qualified cases and qualified individuals to sue under civil rights law 开阔了民权法上 可以起诉的合格的事故、合格的当事人 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

23  Sandoval Supreme Court Case (Sandoval 案件 ) （ 2001 ）  1990, Alabama passed a law stating English was the official language 案件关于阿拉巴马州的一法律：英语是官方语言  A Latina sued due to unequal access to social benefits because her native language was Spanish 一位拉美裔美国人起诉因为法 律更受害于西班牙语母语的人得到政府提供的福利和权力  Case hinged on denial of rights on the basis of disproportionate outcome 案件的原告依靠民权法 602 条起诉  The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court 最高法院审判 了  The Supreme Court determined that the plaintiff had no standing because Section 602 only applied to federal agencies 判 决 602 条上私人不合格起诉为了执行其权力 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

24  The South Camden (2002) case creates a legal obstacle to the environmental justice movement 环境正义起诉案件碰到的困境： South Camden 案件 （ 2002)  The population of Waterfront South Community in Camden, New Jersey (Waterfront South 小区（ South Camden 的邻居之一）人口构成 )  63% Black 黑人  28% Latin Americans 拉美裔美国人  9% Non-Hispanic Whites 非拉美的白人  Majority of population was below the poverty line 大多数人口的收入在贫困 水平之下  The Non-Hispanic White population was 75% of the of Camden City total population (Camden 的非拉美的白人占 75% 总人口 )  The neighborhood had many polluting factories, affecting residents’ health ( 邻居有排污染企业而人口有健康的问题 )  High cancer rate 癌症率高  High rates of asthma 哮喘率高 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

25  Background to the South Camden case ( 案例的背景）  1997: South Camden residents formed an NGO (South Camden Citizens in Action) 1997 年， South Camden 人口成立 SCCA （ South Camden 公民在行动）  SCAA filed complaints with state administrative offices against the polluters (SCCA 对州级环保厅表示他们反污染者的意见 )  1999: Saint Lawrence Cement Company planned a cement grinding factory in Waterfront (1999 年， Saint Lawrence 水泥公 司在 Waterfront 安排开办水泥磨碎厂 )  Emit a lot of dust 发出很多颗粒物  Emit toxic chemicals 发出有害化学污染  Many trucks would drive through the neighborhood 很多卡车要 通过邻居到工厂 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

26  Based on Section 602 of Civil Rights Act, SCCA sued Saint Lawrence 依靠民权法 602 条， SCCA 起诉 Saint Lawrence 水泥公 司  The lower court agreed with SCCA and placed an injunction on Saint Lawrence 在基层法院与原告同意了，发布禁令 Saint Lawrence 开办工厂  Five days after the ruling, the Supreme Court rendered the Sandoval decision; the lower court overturned its ruling 发布五 天后，最高人民法院判决了 Sandoval 案件，当地法院推翻 South Camden 的禁令  SCCA appealed to the Supreme Court SCCA 上诉到最高法院  The Supreme Court (5-4) upheld the lower court’s decision of no standing in the case 最高法院维持了推翻的判决书，私人不能 依靠 602 条执行其权力因为法律上没写私人是合格的 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

27  Remaining mechanisms for the pursuit of environmental justice in the U.S. 环境正义运动的留成法律、行政办法  Administrative appeals to the EPA 对环保局提起行政请求  EPA pressures and directs states to change policies 环保局给 州级部门压力、指导  Informal, indirect methods 不正式、间接的办法  Protest 抗议  Media reports 媒体报到  Voting 表决权力  The most direct method would be for Congress to amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to give citizens the right to sue under Section 602 最直接办法是美国国会修改民权法正确私人合格 地起诉执行其民事权力 Legal Bases of the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义运动的法律基础 continued

28  Foreign direct investment (FDI) 外商投资  International environmental law is relatively new, many countries are still developing domestic laws 国际环境法律是比较新的，很多国家还没发 展本土环境法律  Advanced capitalist economies’ environmental laws are stronger, while those of developing economies often lag behind 最发达国家 的环保法律最强，发展中国家的环保法律还落后  Foreign investors have economic incentives to move to countries with weak environmental regulations 外商投资有经济激励在发展 中的国家开办排污染企业  Many polluting factories have moved to the U.S.-Mexican border area (maquiladoras) 在美国与墨西哥的边境经济开发区排污染的企 业多  International environmental organizations pay attention to this problem and are trying to change investors’ behavior 国际的环保组 织关心那个问题，而推进反对外商投资的污染行为 Globalization and the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义理论与全球化

29  Example of Union Carbide (Bhopal, India) Incident (1984)  Explosion at a chemical factory 化工厂的爆炸  More than 500,000 people exposed to methyl isocyanate 50 万多人受异氰酸甲酯  2000-16,000 deaths 死亡  Over 500,000 injured 50 万多 受害  Settlement: over $400 million 协议 4 亿美元的赔偿

30  Climate change negotiations and Kyoto Protocol 气候 改变与京都议定书  Kyoto Protocol has expired, but climate change negotiations have followed a similar pattern 京都议定书 已经过去了，但是未来议定书大概类似的  Kyoto Protocol had similar but differentiated responsibilities 京都议定书分类国家与其减轻碳排放的 目标  BRICS countries’ burdens were minimal 巴西、俄罗斯、印 度、中国、南非的减少碳排放量的负担很轻  The U.S. has opposed this arrangement 美国政府反对 BRICS 的轻负担 Globalization and the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义理论与全球化

31  Climate change negotiations also have a problem of the countries most vulnerable to climate change having limited negotiating power 在气候改变 谈判会议中岌岌可危国家是最弱势力的国家  African, South Asian, Island state countries are very vulnerable 非洲、岛国、南亚 国家是岌岌可危国家  Externalities 经济外部性  Production and consumption of goods occur in different locations 生产商品 和商品消费在不同的地方  FDI 外商投资  Trade 贸易  In order to meet their goals for reducing carbon emissions, some advanced capitalist countries move production to developing countries (called “leakage”) 为了满足其减轻碳排放的目标，最发达国家以排污染企业转到 发展中的国家 （叫 “ 泄漏 ” ）  Environmental injustice, but countries induce such investment and trade 环 境非正义，但是发展中国家吸引外商投资和贸易  Carbon tax might realign GHG reduction burdens and consumption 碳税可 能以 减少 GHG 的负担放在消费者 Globalization and the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义理论与全球化

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36  NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard movements) 邻避运动  Examples of PX factory protests ( 反 PX 工厂抗议）  Urban residents are better able to protect their habitat 市民比农民容易保卫其生态  Factories may just move to weaker locales, especially villages 工厂可能搬到人口弱的地方，特别是农村  Emergence of cancer villages 癌症村的发展  China’s role in globalization 中国与全球化  Recipient of FDI 吸引很多外商投资  Prolific exporter 出口很多产品 The Environmental Justice Theory and Implications for China 环境正义理论与中国的 思考

37  China’s behavior in Africa has brought some criticism 有的 非洲国家批评中国企业的行为  Shinn’s 2015 report  China has moved extractive and industrial production to Africa 中国的矿业、企业搬到非洲  Mining and oil extraction 矿业、石油业  Timber 林业  Food products 农业品  Chinese MEP and MofCom and U.N. voluntary regimes for environmental protection in Africa 中国环保部、商务部发 布了在非洲企业的环保自愿方针  Only voluntary 自愿  No legal enforcement 无法制执行 The Environmental Justice Theory and Implications for China 环境正义理论与中国的 思考

38  Environmental justice theory helps to explain the geographic location of polluters 环境理论会解释污染者的地理分布  Environmental justice theory helps to explain disproportionate exposure to pollution 理论解释不相称的污染受害  Environmental justice is still a political issue in the U.S. 环境正义 的问题在美国还存在  Environmental justice theory helps to explain international pollution issues 环境正义理论解释国际污染的问题  Environmental justice movement has limited legal options in the U.S. and internationally 环境正义运动的势力在美国、在国际上 有限  Theory helps to raise consciousness and frame environmental injustice 理论发生新的环保与种族和阶级之间关系的意识 Conclusions 结论

39 Thank you 谢谢！ Scott Wilson shikangde@gmail.com

40 Globalization and the Environmental Justice Movement 环境正义理论与全球化