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第十五章 复合句. 概念 复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓 结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多) 主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、 同位语等。

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Presentation on theme: "第十五章 复合句. 概念 复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓 结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多) 主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、 同位语等。"— Presentation transcript:

1 第十五章 复合句

2 概念 复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓 结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多) 主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、 同位语等。

3 一、状语从句: 状语从句 Adverbial Clause ,从句用作状语 称为状语从句。根据用途,状语从句可分 为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、 结果、目的等状语从句。

4 I. 时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间,常用的关联词有 when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever 等等 例 : 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful. 2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework. 3) Wait until you are called.

5 II. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点,常用的关联词有 where, wherever, anywhere 等。 例如: 1) Put it where you found it. 2) Sit down wherever you like. 3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.

6 III. 原因状语从句 原因状语从句表示原因或理由,常用的关 联词有 because, as, since, in case 等 例: 1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food. 2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman. 3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.

7 IV. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件, 引导从句所用的关联词有 if, unless, suppose, in case (that), in the event (that), as (so) long as 等等。 例: 1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 2) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose 从句必须放在主句之前 )

8 V. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句表示动作的方式,回答 How 的问题,常用关联词 as, as if, as though, the way (that), in the way (that) 等引导,一 般置于主语之后。 例: 1 ) Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 2 ) He acts as if/as though he is the owner.

9 VI. 让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示 “ 虽然、尽管、即使 ” 等概 念,使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联 词有 although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not) 等,置于 主语之前或后。 例: 1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease. 2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.

10 VII. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果, 常由连词 so…that, such (a/an)…that, so that, such that 等引导,置于主语之后。 例: 1 ) She was so frightened about the dog that she cried. 2 ) The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.

11 VIII. 目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的,回答 what for 或 for what purpose 的问题,常用关联词 so that, in order that 等引导,一般置于主语之 后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由 “ 情态 动词 + 动词原形 ” 构成。 例: 1 ) Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks. 2 ) They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.

12 二、定语从句 定语从句( Attributive Clauses )在句中做定 语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词, 词 组或代词即先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词 (关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有: who, whom, whose, that, which 等。 关系副词有: when, where, why 等

13 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词 或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语 等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持 一致。

14 1 ) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词 是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如 下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?( who/that 在从句中 作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。( whom/that 在 从句中作宾语)

15 2) Whose 用来指人或物, ( 只用作定语, 若 指物,它还可以同 of which 互换),例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都 跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮 的书。

16 3 ) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物 的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语 等, 例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 ( which / that 在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿 的包快散了。 (which / that 在句中作宾语 )

17 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或 理由的名词,在从句中作状语

18 1 ) when, where, why 关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于 " 介词 + which" 结 构,因此常常和 " 介词 + which" 结构交替使 用.

19 例: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的 时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助 他的理由吗

20 2 ) that 代替关系副词 that 可以用于表示时间、 地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和 " 介词 + which" 引导的定语从 句,在口语中 that 常被省略.

21 例: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年 逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方

22 3. 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取 决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无 宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物 动词则要求用关系副词。 例: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。

23 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句 中的成分 ( 主、谓、宾、定、状 ) ,也能 正确选择出关系代词 / 关系副词

24 4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分, 去掉它主句意思往往不明确; 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去 掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间 通常用逗号分开 。

25 例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 (限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我 们上个月买的。(非限制性)

26 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示 代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非 限制性的 例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

27 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为 先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词 要用第三人称单数 例: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 说明:关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导 非限制性定语从句。

28 5. 介词 + 关系词 1 )介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2 ) that 前不能有介词。 3 )某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语 的 " 介词 + 关系词 " 结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。

29 例如: 1 ) This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 2 ) This is the house where I lived two years ago. 3 ) Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 4 ) Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

30 6. as, which 非限定性定语从句 由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句, as 和 which 可代整个主句,相当于 and this 或 and that 。 As 一般放在句首, which 在句 中。

31 as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这 两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思, 且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但 不同之处主要有两点: (1 ) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不可。 (2 ) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主 语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为 行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用 which 。

32 7. 先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 ) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替 )

33 8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1 ) what = the thing which ; whatever = anything 2) who= the person that ; whoever= anyone who 3) that 和 what 当 that 引导定语从句时 , 通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时, 是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句 和表语从句中的 that 常可省略。 What 只能 引导名词性从句, 用作连接代词,作从句 的具体成分,且不能省略

34 9. 关系代词 that 的用法 1 )不用 that 的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。

35 2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在 there be 句型中,只用 that ,不用 which b) 在不定代词,如: anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时,只用 that ,不用 which 。 c) 先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时,只用 that 。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时, 只用 that 。 e) 先行词既有人,又有物时, 只用 that 。

36 三、名词性从句: 在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同 位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语 从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 这些 统称为名词性从句。

37 (一)主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。 1. 为了强调主语从句的内容,可将从句置 于句首 Who did the work is unknown.

38 2. 为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用 it 作形式 主语,将主语从句后置。 用 it 作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种: 1 、 It is + 名词 + that 从句 2 、 It is + 形容词 + that 从句 3 、 It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 4 、 It is + 过去分词 + that 从句

39 用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多,常见 的有: It is said that... 据说 …… It is reported that... 据报导 …… It is well known that... 众所周知 …… It is announced that... 据宣布 …… It is believed that... 人们相信 …… It is thought that... 人们认为 …… It is understood that... 自不待言 …… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出 …… It must be admitted that... 必须承认 ……

40 (二)宾语从句 宾语从句 The Object Clause ,在复合句中 作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。

41 宾语从句有四步曲 连接词:(也叫引导词) 语序: 从句的词序用陈述语序(主 + 谓) 时态: 主句的时态如果是过去时,从句的时 态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。 人称: 要根据句中的意义作相应的变化

42 连接词(引导词) 从属连词 that , if , whether 连接代词 who , whom , whose , which , what 连接副词 when , where , how , why

43 1. 如果陈述句作从句,连接词用 that, 在口语 和非正式语体中常可省略 that 。 2. 特殊疑问句作从句,就用原来的特殊疑问 词 3. 一般疑问句作从句,连词用 if 或 whether 在选择疑问句只用 whether ,记住这一结构: whether … or not 。

44 例如: I heard that he won the game. She didn’t know what had happened. I wonder whether you can help me with English. She told me that she would accept my invitation. Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.

45 (三)表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复 合句中的表语

46 可接表语从句的连系动词 可接表语从句的 连系动词有 be, look, seem, sound, appear 等。 That’s why she had a day-off yesterday. as, as if / though 引导的表语从句 It looks as if it is going to snow.

47 because, why 引导的表语从句 what 引导的主语从句表示结果或名词 reason 作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原 因时要用 that 引导,不宜用 because 。 使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的 表语从句,谓语动词需用 "should+ 动词原形 " 表示, should 可省略。常见的词有: advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea 等。

48 (四)同位语从句 同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步 解释,说明名词的具体内容。 同位语从句一般由 that 引导,但也可以 由 whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导

49 A 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面 同位语 从句一般跟在名词 fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule 等后面。

50 B 使用虚拟语气的同位语从句 在一些表示 “ 建议、命令、要求 ” 的名词后的同位语从句 中,谓语动词用 "should + 动词原形 " , should 可省略。


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