20150822 真题 听力 Listening. 主旨 讨论点 对话脉络 结尾 Why does the woman go to see the man? To get details about postgraduate research opportunities at another.

Presentation on theme: "20150822 真题 听力 Listening. 主旨 讨论点 对话脉络 结尾 Why does the woman go to see the man? To get details about postgraduate research opportunities at another."— Presentation transcript:

1 20150822 真题 听力 Listening

2

3 主旨 讨论点 对话脉络 结尾

4 Why does the woman go to see the man? To get details about postgraduate research opportunities at another university. To find out if alternatives exist to the biology department's summer program. To get permission to do an independent study project over the summer. To inform the man of a change in her plan of study. 1 （ Click on 2 answers ）

5 (1) Well, I’ve been taking a couple of Biology classes this semester, and I really like it, and, well I’ve decided I’d like to change my major field of studies and get a degree in Biology instead of Math. 文章一开头这句开门见山目的，告诉教授她转专业了。对应选项 D 。 出处： (2) Well, but, you know the Biology department summer program, uh, the one just for undergraduates?.....What I wanted to ask is, well do you know of any similar programs elsewhere? Where I can take courses and have the credits transferred here? 对于 summer program 女生还想明白能不能找到替代的。对应选项 B 。

6 How does the man respond to the woman's decision to study biology ? He is pleased by her decision. He warns the woman about a potential problem with her decision. He thinks the woman should wait a year. He questions her reasons for making the change. 解析： 2 出处： Oh, um, ok, but you only have two more years here before you’re scheduled to graduate. And you know that probably isn’t enough time to take all the courses you’d need. So, if you change your major you may end up graduating late. 在女生告诉她转专业之后，教授表示你要明白可能会有一些风险。 这里没有标明任何带偏向性的态度，只是比较客观的陈述事实，所以 A 和 D 不选。虽 然陈述了问题但是也没有质疑女生的选择，说的是 ok ，所以 C 不选。

7 Why does the man mention several different branches of biology? To suggest some possible research areas for the woman's independent study project. To indicate that the woman will need to decide on an area to specialize in. To point out an advantage of the biology program at the York Institute of Technology. To encourage the woman to start thinking about which courses she will take next year. 解析： 3 出处： Ok, uhhh, I see now. Well a few of our students have attended the summer program at the York Institute of Technology on the other side of the city. Their summer program in biology is a good one. They offer a variety of areas to focus on like Cell Biology, Marine Biology, even Bio Technology. It’ll all be on their website. 提到各种 Biology 的选项相当于在举例说明 York Institute of Technology 中到底有哪 些项目，所以直选法选 C 。

8 What is the woman's decision about doing an independent study project ? She will do one at the York Institute of Technology. She will wait until the following year to do one. She does not need to do one to graduate on time. She will do one on a topic in mathematical modeling. 解析： 4 出处： Academic Advisor: 这里教授提了意见女生接受了，所以应该定位在 you could set one up for next summer? But, many professors here have already left for the summer, so you might have difficulty finding someone to supervise one this summer, but maybe you could set one up for next summer? Student: Yea, that would work, I’ll do that.

9 What does the woman say about receiving an incorrect grade ? She is unsure how to get the error corrected. She is checking to see if the error has been corrected. She believes it might affect her acceptance into the York Institute of Technology. She is worried that her professor has not yet completed the paperwork regarding the grade. 解析： 5 出处： 这里女生之前成绩出问题了，她很着急，因为觉得 York 会看她的成绩，那就可能会 影响她的申请。答案对应 C 选项。 When I got my grades back last semester, the grade from my Mathematical Modeling class was wrong. It was lower than what I actually earned….What if York Institute wants to see my grades when I apply?

10 笔记

11 Constellation (Astronomy)

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13 开头 中间段 讲座脉络

14 What is the main purpose of the lecture ? To broaden students' understanding of an astronomical concept. To discuss the significance of some constellations to ancient cultures. To introduce students to a recent decision the IAU made. To examine the controversy over the exact number of constellations. 1 解析： 出处： Most people’s idea of a constellation, and a professional astronomer’s idea of a constellation are not quite the same. Ok, so, let me ask; what is a constellation? Kathy? 开门见山，表明他这节课上所讲的 constellation 和常见的含义有所不同。对应选项 A 。

15 Why does the student mention Orion ? To explain how she became interested in astronomy. To point out that the pattern of stars in a constellation can be difficult to identify. To give an example of a constellation named after a mythological figure. To ask a question about the names of constellations. 2 解析： 出处： 教授循循善诱，询问学生是否知道神话和星座之间的关系。学生给出例子来就是用来 回答这个问题。 Constellations often have names derived from ancient legends and myths…How about an example? Kathy: Ok, uhh, Orion? Prof: That’s a prominent constellation. Let’s take a look at Orion. The name refers to a hunter in Greek mythology.

16 According to the professor, what used to be a problem for astronomers when a new star was discovered ? Determining whether the new star could be part of an asterism. Ranking the new star's importance among the stars that are visible through telescopes. Describing the new star's location so that other astronomers could find it. Convincing the International Astronomical Union to accept the name proposed for the new star. 3 出处： And then, as Astronomy developed as a science, especially after the invention of the telescope, astronomer’s started discovering lots of new stars, and when they named the new stars, to help communicate it’s location to other astronomers, they name it based on the nearest constellation. 解析： 原来的命名比较 random 所以很多情况下没法正确定位。在发明望远镜之后，可以用 位置来描述这些星星了。 其他选项无中生有。

17 According to the professor, what were the accomplishments of the International Astronomical Union in the 1920s ? Assigning scientific names to the traditional constellations. Determining the approximate number of stars in each constellation. Deciding which star configurations should be considered constellations. Dividing the night sky into well-defined regions. 4 Click on 2 answers.

18 解析： 出处： (1) So, in the 1920’s, the International Astronomical Union, or IAU, came up with an official list of 88 constellations. The IAU first had to agree on a list of constellations that combined traditional constellations with constellations that had been established more recently. Then they defined precise boundaries for each constellation. They were drawn along vertical and horizontal lines similar to the coordinate system we use to describe locations here on Earth. (2) The boundaries organize the entire sky as seen from the Earth into 88 configured regions, and it’s in these regions that astronomer’s use the term constellation. 教授讲了一整段话都来表明 constellation 是如何被规范的 两点： 1. 定义哪些应该被纳入 2. 规范区域

19 What is the professor's attitude when he mentions the IAU's decision about the Big Dipper ? He is unsure why the Big Dipper received more attention than it deserves. He is disappointed that the Big Dipper was classified as an asterism. He regrets that the decision has created confusion within the field of astronomy. He is gratified that the IAU is willing to reconsider its decision. 5 解析： 出处： Well, I personally think the Big Dipper deserves more respect. I mean, there’s evidence that this group was recognized by Paleolithic hunters over 13,000 years ago, and it’s recognized today by people around the world! 教授之前讲了 Big Dipper 被归纳在 asterism 的范畴里，然后表明态度，觉得其实是被 低估的。所以表明了对于结果比较失望的态度。

20 What does the professor imply about the Big Dipper? It got its name at the same time as Ursa Major did. It is the most visible part of Ursa Major. It is part of the smallest constellation. It can point the way to an important star. 6 Click on 2 answers.

21 出处： (1) You can clearly see the boundaries of the constellation, and there’s the Big Dipper. Its seven stars are connected by lines that form its bowl and long handle, and they’re the brightest stars in Ursa Major. Now, look at the two stars of the bowl and they’re farthest away from the handle. (2) If you extend the line between them, away from the bear’s back, you’ll end up at the North Star, which is very valuable to navigators. You can’t see it here, it’s beyond Ursa Major’s boundaries. It’s in the constellation Ursa Minor, the smaller bear. 解析： 文章这几句话表明了 Bid Dipper 的两大特点： 1. 亮 2. 连接线可以指向北斗星，可以指路。

22 笔记

23 Crypsis (Biology)

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25 开头段 中间段 讲座脉络 结尾

26 What is the purpose of the lecture? To suggest that cryptic patterns in the animal kingdom can be reduced to only a few basic forms. To explain how cephalopods change cryptic patterns based on their visual perception. To contrast underwater and dryland crypsis strategies. To trace the evolution of crypsis in animals as a defense against predators. 1 出处： When we examine crypsis in the animal kingdom, it may appear that there are a thousand of different patterns animals use to hide from predators, however, recent research involving cephalopods is teaching us that there is actually less there than meets the eye. 解析：文章一开头讲到了 cryptic ，有明显转折，本以为很多，但是细细研究其实并没有这么多， 后文围绕这个展开。

27 What can be inferred about an animal that only uses stipple crypsis? It will have a difficult time hiding from predators. It is likely to be of a medium body size. It will tend to avoid areas with multiple colors and patterns. It will most likely be found close to a seashore. 2 出处： Anyway, uniform or stipple body patterns are used by cephalopods to match their skin color to fairly uniform backgrounds, like a sandy sea bottom. 解析： 文章一开头讲到了 cryptic ，有明显转折，本以为很多，但是细细研究其实并没有这 么多，后文围绕这个展开。

28 What happens to some cephalopods when they swim over a gravel patch on the seafloor ? They change their skin color to match the color of the darkest pieces of gravel. They display irregularly shaped dark and light patches. They display a disruptive coloration to match the local environment. They quickly swim away from the gravel patch. 3 出处： When a cephalopod needs to blend into a non-uniform, a more varied background, like gravel, which is made up of small rocks of various sizes and colors, the cephalopod shows a marbled body pattern. Marbled body patterns consist of alternating irregularly shaped dark and light patches in the skin that roughly match the size of the dark and light objects in the immediate area. 解析： 定位句非常明显，而且无同义互换。对应选项 B 。

29 What features of disruptive crypsis does the professor mention ? It disguises the outline of the animal that uses it. It works by contrasting with the colors in the surrounding habitat. It is most effective when used against a single-colored background. It can incorporate a combination of other crypsis patterns. 4 出处： (1) In other words, a disruptive pattern makes it difficult to see the shape and size of the animal. (2) Disruptive patterns can also achieve some level of general resemblance to the background. That is, they often contain small regions with model patterns, or even uniformity. Cephalopods will adopt this crypsis strategy when the background is irregular and contains relatively large and varied patches of colors and textures. Click on 2 answers. 解析：两点对应一个是 outline 对应 shape and size ， 另一个是 combination 对应 some level of general resemblance to the background.

30 Why does the professor mention the tiger? To illustrate that the results of the cephalopod research can be extended to many other animals. To give an example of an animal whose crypsis strategy has been extensively studied. To point out how different its crypsis strategy is from the strategy used by smaller animals. To argue that predators rely on crypsis less than prey species do. 5 解析： 出处： In other words the same basic strategies are used by the chameleons and frogs and insects we talked about, and by larger animals as well. For example the tiger pattern of black stripes on a lighter background is a form of disruptive coloration. tiger 这个例子出现在可以应用在大型动物这个结论之后，所以说明了这个问题。

31 What does the professor imply when he says this: Crypsis in cephalopods can rarely fool human visual perception. Few animals use crypsis to hide from predators. New information has led to the reevaluation of some previous assumptions. More cephalopod research needs to be done to obtain accurate data. 6 出处： When we examine crypsis in the animal kingdom, it may appear that there are a thousand of different patterns animals use to hide from predators, however, recent research involving cephalopods is teaching us that there is actually less there than meets the eye. 解析： 定位出现在开头，其实就是说明了之前的认知可能不太全面有局限，这篇讲座会带来 新的观点。

32 笔记

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34

35 目的 开头 对话脉络

36 What are the speakers mainly discussing? An article the man wrote about beach replenishment. The man's desire to go on a trip with a university club. The rules for membership in university clubs. The professor's research on beach erosion. 1 解析：男生寒暄之后提出目的，想要报名参加一个 trip 。 出处： You’re still the faculty advisor for the rock climbing club, right? I know it’s a little late but I was wondering if I could sign up for the trip to the Rocky Mountains next month?

37 What do the professor and the man have in common ? Both of them have studied natural processes that cause erosion. Both of them are certified rock-climbing guides. Both of them have worked on projects at the same location. Both of them are interested in nature photography. 解析： 2 出处： (1) Yea, because of my knowledge of coastal processes, last month I wrote an article for the school newspaper about coastal erosion and the beach replenishment project at Brimly Beach. (2) You know, maybe you could help me with a project? One of my research areas is erosion of rock formations, and well, I’m writing an article about the rate of erosion of the cliffs at Brimly Beach. 他们两人说的话中可以得知两人研究课题相同，研究的地点相同。 B 选项男生是，教授未提及， D 选项男生是记者，教授想问他用照片而已。 Click on 2 answers.

38 Why does the man want to visit the Rocky Mountains? To practice his rock-climbing skills. To conduct research for a professional writing assignment. To study the rate of erosion at the cliffs there. To apply for a job as a certified guide. 解析：男生现在需要写文章所以需要去落基山脉。其他选项无中生有。 3 出处： I’m doing a story for a local travel magazine about the rock formations there. It’s a great opportunity for me, you know, to get my work out there, and going with the club will allow me to do some on site investigating.

39 How does the professor feel when she realizes that the man is able to accompany the club as a guide ? She is surprised that the man has time to go on the trip. She is dismayed that there will not be enough rooms at the hotel. She is concerned that his professional writing obligations might interfere with his responsibilities as a guide. She is relieved that the man has helped her solve a problem. 4 出处： 解析： We had a guide but he cancelled last week. And since you’re a guide… It’s too late for me to get the group rate for the hotel and airfare, but you’d be paid. If that’s ok, we’d be happy to have you! 因为男生是注册的导游，所以教授能够邀请他来当导游情绪正面，最后一句 happy 表达出情绪。

40 Why is the man no longer a member of the rock-climbing club? He did not pay his membership fee. He no longer has time because of his professional responsibilities. He wants to pursue photography as a hobby instead. He is moving to the Rocky Mountains to work there. 5 出处： Did you pay your dues? No? The membership fee isn’t covered by your student activity fee anymore. Students have to pay it at the beginning of the semester. 解析： 男生并不知道需要付会费，所以没有付，被取消了会员资格。他自己都很惊讶。

41 笔记

42 Children Literature （ Education ）

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44 开头段 中间段 讲座脉络 结尾

45 What aspect of eighteenth-century England does the professor mainly discuss ? What aspect of eighteenth-century England does the professor mainly discuss Why certain children's books became best sellers and others did not Two competing philosophies about early childhood education Important ideas behind the emergence of children's literature 1 解析： 出处： Now, this idea that children’s literature should both instruct and entertain dates back to 18th century England, and even today, for the most part, when parents and teachers choose literature for children, isn’t that mainly what they’re looking for? 主旨题。全文一直在不断回溯儿童文学的起源，寻找原因。 A 只是文章一小段内容。； B 也只提到一点，过于细节。 C 文章主旨是 children’s literature ，提到那两个心理学家也不是为了说明儿童教育的。无 中生有。

46 What point is the professor making when she mentions Barbara Follett's book The House Without Windows? The House Without Windows was the first English book to be regarded as children's literature. Children's literature has been defined in a variety of ways. The most effective children's books include colorful illustrations. Children tend to dislike stories that teach moral lessons. 2 解析： 出处： Now this phrase, children’s literature, can mean different things to different people. It can refer to books chosen by children, such as comic books, or books written by children, like “The House Without Windows” by Barbara Foller. Foller wrote that book when she was only nine. 儿童文学的定义从一开始就解构为各种不同人群理解的会不一样， variety 和 different 做 同义互换。

47 What fundamental idea about childhood did John Locke promote? Children acquire their ideas primarily through appropriate experiences. Children best learn moral lessons through memorization. Children learn about the world by writing their own books. Children should both attend school and work to help support their family. 3 解析： Locke 觉得儿童刚开始是空白的，不断有经历填充才会有各种想法。关键词 experience 出处： but Locke believed the human mind was blank at birth, waiting to be filled with ideas. Ideas developed mainly through experience.

48 What point does the professor make when she mentions the Greek philosopher Aristotle? Locke's ideas about educating children were not as well accepted as Aristotle's were. Aristotle and Locke had fundamentally different ideas about how children should be taught to read. Aristotle and Locke both benefited from a rigorous education in early childhood. Locke's ideas about educating children were not entirely his own. 4 出处： 解析： totle. But the philosophy that a child’s mind is blank at birth and that therefore you can shape a child by providing appropriate experiences, the right education, the right books, this idea didn’t become popular until Locke. Locke was the first to successfully promote it. Locke 其实是发扬这个理论的人，而不是原创的人。从古希腊开始就有。他是第一 个宣扬的人 first to successfully promote it 。

49 What was Locke's opinion about fairy tales ? They contain valuable lessons about morality and social etiquette. They are ideal tools for motivating children to read. They have a largely negative impact on children. They are more interesting to adults than to children. 5 解析： 出处： Caroline: Locke 的态度从 evil characters lurk 和 form bad associations 可以看出。都觉得其实对于 小孩而言是会产生负面的影响，所以不是特别赞成 fairy tales 。 Yes, remember, fairytales are often set in dark places like forests, where evil characters lurk. Locke believed that when adults read such stories to young children, the children would form bad associations that they would carry into adulthood. Like that scary things happen in the dark, that the dark was something to be afraid of. But what about fairytales? Most kids like them, but our textbook says that Locke didn’t approve of them. Professor:

50 What was the main message of John Newbery's first successful children's book? Share what you have with others. Study hard to ensure your financial success. Choose your friends very carefully. Do not be afraid to express your opinions. 6 解析： 出处： Newbury too, embraced Locke’s philosophy, and he also acted on it by writing and publishing children’s literature. It was Newbury who essentially created a market for it. His first successful book included lots of games and advice, and it’s primary message was “learn your lessons and one day, you’ll be well off”. In Newbury’s universe, working diligently in school, eventually paid off monetarily. working diligently in school, eventually paid off monetarily. 即表明学习是会有经济回报的，所以 monetarily 对应 financial 。

51 笔记

52 The Globe Theater (Theater History)

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54 开头 中间段 讲座脉络 结尾

55 What does the professor mainly discuss ? New evidence about construction methods used for the Globe Theatre. Evidence used by scholars to determine the shape of the Globe Theatre. The debate over how closely the rebuilt Globe Theatre resembles the original. A controversy over which Shakespearean plays were performed in the Globe Theatre. 1 解析： 出处： Now as for the exact shape of the Globe Theater, for a long time people just assumed it was round. It was, after all, called the Globe. But, what is that really based on? 首先提出长期以来人们的一个观点，再引发疑问，从而引出为什么 Globe Theater 是这个形状的。 其他选项都是细节，不合理。

56 What does the professor suggest was inconvenient about the Globe Theatre ? Many events occurred there at the same time. There were no seats for any of the spectators. Many of the spectators were not protected from rain. Some spectators could not see the whole stage. 2 解析： 出处： And we know that the stage was built with a roof over it, so if it was raining the actors would stay dry, but the spectators standing in the yard would just get wet. 通过这个 but 可以看到他的一个缺点就是只要下雨 spectator 会被淋湿。 wet 对应 rain 。

57 Why does the professor talk about Shakespeare's play Henry V ? To help explain why scholars think it was the first play presented in the Globe Theatre. To help explain why some scholars believe the Globe Theatre was round. To describe how scholars determined when the Globe Theatre was originally built. To describe how difficult it was to perform Shakespeare's plays in the Globe Theatre. 3 出处： 解析： One bit of evidence that it was more or less round and made of wood comes from the Prologue of the play Henry the Fifth where we hear the theater described as “this wooden O”, comparing the theater to the letter “O” makes it sound as if the building must be round. 提到 Henry 的话，就是为了说明为什么是 round 的。 One bit of evidence 是一个明显的提示词。

58 What does the professor say in support of the conclusion that the Globe Theatre was NOT round ? Archaeological evidence shows that it had many sides. An audience member from Shakespeare's time described it as a many-sided building. A map showing it as a round building was hand copied from earlier maps. Round buildings are difficult to construct from wood. 4 出处： 解析： On the other hand, there are reasons to think the Globe wasn’t actually round. For one, we know that it was made of wood and it’s almost impossible to build a perfectly circular building out of wood. Heavy pieces of wood aren’t easily bent to form a circle. So some scholars think the Globe had straight sides, eight of them. 此段开头先提到了结论，有人认为不一定是圆的。马上接上理由，就是用木头做的，很难 做成圆形。直接与 D 进行同义互换。

59 The professor mentions a book on English theater history. What does he imply about the book ? It has been very helpful to scholars. It should have included drawings. The drawing it contains is probably inaccurate. Its author was not an expert on Shakespearean plays. 5 解析： 出处： We also have a book, published much later, a book on English Theater History that includes a drawing of the Globe showing it as an eight sided building. But what do we make of this evidence? Well the book that shows the Globe as having eight sides was written in 1790, about 150 years after the Globe was gone, so how much can we trust it? I don’t think the author has been there personally to see the Globe. 教授显示说了这个证据，再分析了书写的年代，然后提出了疑问，并且表达了 I don’t think the author has been there personally to see the Globe. 的观点。所以态度非常明确是消极的， 不认同的。

60 .Why is Hollard's map of London considered more reliable than other maps ? It has accurate drawings of buildings that still stand in London. It was created by someone who lived in London his whole life. It was created more recently than other maps. It has been better preserved than other maps. 6 解析： 出处： even though other details from Hollard’s map are considered accurate. Scholars, what they do is, they compare maps to landmarks and buildings that still exist today. You can do that in a city like London where you still have buildings that were around in the early 1600’s. And for most details, Hollard’s map has proved to be much more accurate than the others. 原文中出现了的 accurate 完全没有变，而且后文提到的 still exist today 就是答案 A 中 的 still stand in 。因为和现存的建筑可以吻合，所以相对而言是比较可靠的。

61 笔记

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