English Grammar 蔡進義 Chin-Yi Tsai (Matt)

English Grammar 蔡進義 Chin-Yi Tsai (Matt) cyt@pmlab.iecs.fcu.edu.tw
English is a universal language.

Outline 總論名詞代名詞形容詞動詞副詞介詞連接詞關係詞其他
If you study English every night, you will forget loneliness. Sooner or later, you will have to struggle with English.

總論句型 SV 主詞＋動詞 The store opens at ten. SVC 主詞＋動詞＋補語
The movie was funny (SC, 主詞補語). SVO 主詞＋動詞＋受詞 We cleaned the classroom. SVOO 主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋受詞 My father bought me (IO, 間接受詞) a watch (DO, 直接受詞). SVOC 主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋補語 They made me angry (OC, 受詞補語). SVO + to/for ~ (強調受詞) My uncle gave his watch to me. My uncle bought an Mp3 player for me. 五大句型

句子的元素與修飾語句子元素動詞種類句子的形成主詞+動詞+受詞(補充詞) 完全不及物動詞不完全不及物動詞
完全及物動詞不完全及物動詞授與動詞句子的形成 Birds sing. [SV, 主詞+完全不及物動詞] This is a bird. [SVC, 主詞+不完全不及物動詞+補充詞] We love our country. [SVO, 主詞+完全及物動詞+受詞] Cats make us happy. [SVOC, 主詞+不完全及物動詞+受詞+補充詞] I give her a book. [SVOO, 主詞+授與動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞] Used to + 原形動詞 Be used to(介) + 名詞 (名詞相當的語句) Get used to(介) + 名詞(名詞相當的語句) 五大句型

句子的元素與修飾語修飾語 (Modifier) 修飾名詞、代名詞的形容詞或作形容詞用的片語或子句
A beautiful young lady lives in this house. The man eating something in the kitchen is my brother. The man who gives me the money is my brother. 修飾動詞的副詞、副詞片語、副詞子句 I go home at six o’clock. He came the day before yesterday. I was reading when he came. 修飾形容詞、副詞的副詞、副詞片語、副詞子句 She is a very beautiful girl. She can speak English very well. I am glad to see you. 修飾全句的副詞修飾語

主要授與動詞具有主詞與述語動詞之關係，卻無法獨立成句子者為子句 I know you worked hard.
…+物+to+人 (I gave a book to him. = I gave him a book.) Give Lend Send Write Bring Hand Pass Deliver Show Teach Tell Sell Pay Owe Do Promise offer …+物+for+人 (He brought flowers for me.) Buy Get Leave Make do …+物+of+人 I must ask a favor of you. …+物+on+人 They played a trick on him. 具有主詞與述語動詞之關係，卻無法獨立成句子者為子句 I know you worked hard. 補語：有些單獨句子，但語意不明，必須補上單字，補語有二，一為主詞補語，一為受語補語。可作為補語的有名詞，代名詞，形容詞，以及相當於名詞或代名詞等的用語。 He is a diplomat. (SC, 形容主詞) I found the cabinet empty. (OC)

子句：構成句子部分的字群，它含有主詞和述詞
對等子句 He works hard, but he is as poor as ever. 主要子句與從屬子句及從屬連接詞 He came in when I went out. 從屬子句的種類名詞子句 I believe that he is dead. 形容詞子句 I know the house where he is living. 副詞子句作動詞believe的受詞名詞子句從屬子句形容詞子句從屬子句關係子句又叫作形容詞子句，包括了關係代名詞子句關係副詞子句副詞子句從屬子句

句子結構句子結構句子依功能分合句＝結合對等子句的句子複句＝[主要子句＋從屬子句]等單句
The changes in the last century are amazing. 合句 She went to the United States in 1960 and has lived there ever since. 複句 He found what he had been looking for. The pretty girl we saw last night is David’s sister. She has been happy since she got married. 複合句 Say “you are sorry”, and I’ll forgive you. I knew that Bob is ill, but I didn’t know that he is suffering from scurvy. 句子依功能分 Declarative sentence Interrogative sentence Imperative sentence Optative sentence 合句＝結合對等子句的句子複句＝[主要子句＋從屬子句]等

Punctuation 標點符號 (動詞片語)動詞+介詞：通常作及物動詞受詞通常置於介詞之後可將副詞置於中間
The comma , Semicolon ; Colon : Question mark ? Exclamation mark ! Dash – Quotation mark “ ” Hyphen – Parentheses () Brackets [ ] (動詞片語)動詞+介詞：通常作及物動詞受詞通常置於介詞之後可將副詞置於中間 They laughed at me. He waited impatiently for her. She is looking after them. (動詞片語)動詞+副詞：可作及物或不及物動詞代名詞一定放中間，名詞則放在副詞前後皆可不可將副詞置放中間 The fire went out quickly. They put out the fire quickly. He put off the departure. Please turn it on.

Be+形容詞+介系詞相當於及物動詞的用法 I am afraid of thunder. I am afraid to see him.
片語名詞片語 He is my daughter’s husband. 形容詞片語 The lady in red is my friend. 動詞片語 We will take care of the baby. 副詞片語 You had better start right now. 介詞片語 A car parked in front of the gate. 片語連接詞 He talks as if he knew everything. 感嘆詞片語 My God! I forgot it. 子句主要子句 Although it rained, we went on. 從屬子句 When the bell rings, stop writing. 對等子句 You go first, and I will follow you. Be+形容詞+介系詞相當於及物動詞的用法 I am afraid of thunder. I am afraid to see him. I was afraid that I might hurt him. He is said to be a great musician. [to be a great musician] 是不定詞片語作補語用也可以改成 It is said that he is a great musician. 介系詞片語作補語： He is now at work. His advice will be of some help to you. [of help相當於helpful]

look forward to = anticipate
Put up with = tolerate Do away with = abolish Catch up with = overtake Keep up with = maintain Face up to The that子句為受詞的動詞 I insisted that she should play the piano. Insist作不及物動詞要加on I insisted on her playing the piano. They elected him President (President當OC,受詞補語). Mr. Smith made the store what it is today. (what所引導的名詞子句可作受詞補語) We know this story to be true. (to be true是受詞補語) He advised me to stop smoking. (不定詞當受詞補語) 以不定詞當受詞補語的動詞有： Advise, allow, ask, bear, cause, challenge, choose, command, compel, decide, Determine, encourage, entreat, expect, force, get, permit, persuade, request

S+V+IO(人)+DO(物) = S+V+DO+prep.+IO
He sent Mary the followers. = He sent the follows to Mary. 授與動詞 Award, bring, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, Promise, read, return, sell, send, show, teach, tell, throw , write 有些動詞之後的IO和DO之間，必須有介系詞隔開 Accuse sb of sth Add sth to sth Blame sb for sth Blame sth on sb Provide sth for sb Provide sb with sth Remind sb of sth Tell sb about sth Warn sb of sth Say sth to sb 介系詞之後接動名詞： Accuse sb of ~ing Blame sb for ~ing Convict sb of ~ing Dissuade sb from ~ing Keep sb from ~ing Punish sb for ~ing Warn sb against ~ing Trick sb into ~ing

名詞物質名詞表示數量時，前面加上計量的名詞 Of+抽象名詞=形容詞 A cup of tea Two cups of tea
A piece of paper A bag of flour Two glasses of milk Of+抽象名詞=形容詞 Of use = useful It is of no use = It is not useful. With kindness = kindly In private = privately By accident = accidentally On purpose = purposely Of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞 Of + great + 抽象名詞 = very + 形容詞 Of + no + 抽象名詞 = not + 形容詞

My aunt’s (我姑媽家), aunt’s = aunt’s house A friend of John’s
名詞 A, an 不定冠詞 The 定冠詞 7 A’s (七個A) Four 2’s (四個2) 1980’s (1980年代) My aunt’s (我姑媽家), aunt’s = aunt’s house A friend of John’s All the questions Both the brothers Half the apples What a remarkable man How bright a boy Such a fine day Quite a stranger Rather a lot Too good a story So kind a person As strong a man

代名詞代名詞人稱代名詞 you 所有代名詞 yours 複合人稱代名詞 youself 指示代名詞 this 不定代名詞 some 疑問代名詞 who 關係代名詞 which a, an, the, some, any, no和this, that作形容詞用修飾同一名詞時，則用獨立所有格 ~名詞+of+所有格代名詞 A desk of mine That chair of his 指示代名詞及指示形容詞 this book 指示形容詞 I know this 指示代名詞 He, his, him She, her, her Each指每個，實際上代表全部，但作單數用 Each of the girls has her own doll. Every 每一(個) ~ 只有當形容詞的用法，作單數用 Every student is diligent. Every day為副詞片語 I shampoo my hair every day. Everyday為形容詞 Don not neglect your everyday work.

有好幾個當中的「一個」「再一個」「其他」
代名詞 Another是an與other的組合，表”另一個”之意，共有單數形，Other是”其他事物”之意，可加the，也可以用複數形，兩者皆可以用代名詞和形容詞 Another 「另一」「別的」 Give me another cup of tea. 有好幾個當中的「一個」「再一個」「其他」 (兩者之中)　一為~ 另一… I have two cats; one is white and the other is black. (幾個當中) 一個~ 另一個 I don’t like this one. Show me another. (許多當中的) 一些~ 另一些 There are many interesting stories in this book. Some are tragic and others are funny.

Other and Another 形容詞代名詞單數複數特定指示 The other (man) The other (men) The other The others 不定指示 Another (man) Other (men) Another Others Some other (man) Some other (men) Some other Some others I had two horses, one was white, the other was black. Both John and Tom went to school; the one went by car the other on foot. To know is one thing, and to teach is another. I do not like this; show me another.

Such Same 作形容詞用 Such…as = like Such as= like, for example
I never saw such (a big )cats. Such…as = like I have never seen such a man as he (is). I have never seen a man like him. Such as= like, for example Such that + 子句 Same The same ~as+子句 / the same ~ that+子句 This is the same watch as I lost. This is the same watch that I lost. I have the same that as yours.

不定代名詞 Some(肯定), any(疑問), no, none Each, every, all
Give me some apples. Some of them are honest. Is there any beer in the refrigerator? Some+(單數名詞)物/人/時/場所 [某某]的意思 Please give me some book. Any+(單數名詞)人/物/時/地 [任何]的意思 Have you any friend in this office? No one = nobody Each, every, all Each student has his own book. (形) Each of them received one apple. (代) I told each one to come. Every student has a book. (every當形容詞) Every body knows him. (every當形容詞) It is found every where. (every當副詞) Every+單數名詞=every one of 複數名詞 Every boy has a hat. Every one of boys has a hat.

不定代名詞 Few, a few作代名詞用 Few, a few作形容詞用 Each, every, all Both
Every body (every one) has his duty. Everything has an end. Every girl can make a doll. (每一個) Any girl can make a doll. (任何那一個) All boys love candy. All the money was stolen by the thief. All knowledge is derived from the action of the intellect. Every other day (隔天), every two day (每隔兩天) Both Both they are kind. Both of them are kind. Either, neither You may eat either of the two apples. You know neither of them. Many, few She has a good/great many books. There are a large number of (many) books. Few, a few作代名詞用 Few(極少, 幾乎沒有)用於否定時候多 A few用於肯定時較多 Are there many? No. there are few. There are only a few. Few, a few作形容詞用 She has few friends. 沒什麼朋友 She has a few friends. 有幾個朋友 Few: 否定, 幾無 A few:肯定,有少許

不定代名詞 Much, little A good deal of = much
Much has been written on this subject. Much of this is not true. (代) I haven’t much money. (形) Little is known about this. (代) I have little money. (形) Is there much? No. there is little. (不, 很少) There is only a little, not much. (只有一點) A little little

Who, which, what, where, when, why, how
疑問代名詞 Who, which, what, where, when, why, how Which of these boys is most diligent? Whom did you see? Do you know who she is?

形容詞形容詞：代名形容詞所有形容詞 my 形容詞用以修飾名詞，出現在名詞前或後指示形容詞 this 不定形容詞 some
疑問形容詞 what 關係形容詞 which 數量形容詞不定數詞 few 數詞 one 性質形容詞敘述 good 專有 Chinese 物質 gold 動狀 flying 副詞 down 形容詞用以修飾名詞，出現在名詞前或後形容詞構句 Be + 形容詞 + 不定詞 You were foolish to meet her again. Be + 形容詞 + 介系詞片語 They are enrious of your success. Be + 形容詞 + 子句 I am sure that he is honest.

形容詞日期寫法九月三十日 The thirtieth of September The 30th of September
Many a + 單數名詞 = many + 複數名詞 Many a young man has failed at this stage. Many young men have failed at this stage. As many ~ = the same number of I found three mistakes in as many lines. As much = the same amount of I bought two pounds of sugar and as much coffee. 四點二十分 Four twenty Twenty after four 四點四十五分 Four forty-five A quarter to five 1/3 One third 2/3 Two third ¾ (分子大於2，分每加s) Three fourths 日期寫法九月三十日 The thirtieth of September The 30th of September September the thirtieth September 30th September thirtieth September 30

形容詞 2+3 be+形容詞+介詞+受詞倍數用法：定冠詞所有形容詞名詞所有代名詞 + Two and three are five
Two plus three equals five Two plus three is equal to five be+形容詞+介詞+受詞 I am afraid of the snake. = I fear the snake. Be jealous of Be proud of Be sure of Be different from Be anxious about Be eager for Be grateful to Be opposite to Be contrary to Be ashamed of Be crowded with Be filled with Be full of Half, double, twice, treble, three times, four times 倍數用法：定冠詞所有形容詞名詞所有代名詞 + The manager earns four times my salary. The had to play double the usual fare. China is twenty times as large as Japan. Jason jumped twice as high as Greg.

形容詞限定用法：通常放在被修飾的名詞或代名詞的前面
同等比較【肯定】的 Her hat is as pretty as yours. 同等比較【否定】的 He is not so tall as I am. prefer ~ to + 受格 I prefer tea to coffee. This watch is superior/inferior/senior to that. 形容詞限定用法：通常放在被修飾的名詞或代名詞的前面 He is a happy person. 形容詞敘述用法：放在補語的位置 He is happy. 形容詞分為直接加上名詞而加以修飾的限定用法與作補語間接修飾的敘述用法此外，尚有一種伴有定冠詞而具有名詞功能的名詞用法

形容詞介系詞+形容詞的慣用片語 For certain Of late In short In full At large
For good In particular In general

Numerals 數詞阿拉伯數字基數序數簡體 Zero 1 One First 1st 2 Two Second 2nd 3
Zero 1 One First 1st 2 Two Second 2nd 3 Three Third 3rd 4 Four Fourth 4th 5 Five Fifth 5th 100 One hundred One hundredth 100th 1,000 One thousand One thousandth 1,000th 10,000 Ten thousand Ten thousandth 10,000th 100,000 One hundred thousand One hundred thousandth 100,000th 1,000,000 One million One millionth 1,000,000th

動詞不及物動詞及物動詞時式現在完成式現在完成進行式過去式完成式過去完成進行式未來完成式 He run to me.
I don’t agree with you. 及物動詞 He runs a coffee shop. 時式現在式現在進行式過去式過去進行式未來式未來進行式 Seem, appear補語一般接 to be (+名詞、形容詞或過去分詞)或 to do (一般動詞) You seem to be tired. She appear to like music. 現在完成式現在完成進行式過去式完成式過去完成進行式未來完成式

動詞時式現在式現在進行式過去式過去進行式未來式未來進行式現在完成式現在完成進行式過去式完成式過去完成進行式未來完成式
現在的動作或狀態現在習慣的動作、職業以及不變的真理現在進行式現在正在進行的動作過去式過去發生的事情，或過去的習慣過去進行式在過去某一時候正在進行的動作未來式未來進行式現在完成式剛剛完成的動作過去某時到現在的經驗從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態現在完成進行式從過去某時開始，一直繼續到現在仍在進行的動作，比現在完成式更強調動作的持續性質過去式完成式過去某一時間以前，先完成的動作先發生的用過去完成式，後發生的用過去簡單式過去完成進行式未來完成式

動詞完全及物動詞 (S+V+O) 不完全及物動詞 (S+V+O+OC) 授與動詞 (2個O, 間接及直接受詞) 完全不及物動詞
She speaks English. I like reading. I don’t know what to do. I know where she lives. 不完全及物動詞 (S+V+O+OC) He made her happy. She keeps me waiting. She found her pen stolen. I want her to do it. 授與動詞 (2個O, 間接及直接受詞) I gave the boy a pen. I gave a pen to the boy. She buys a hat for me. (強調物的重要) I must ask a favor of you. 完全不及物動詞 Birds fly. The sun rose. 不完全不及物動詞：也叫連繫動詞，它不需要受詞，但必須用形容詞或名詞作補充詞 He is a solider. (名詞作補充詞) She looks pale. Her bad habit is eating.

動詞時態基本時態完成時態進行時態完成進行式現在式 I do. 過去式 I did. 未來式 I shall do.
現在完成式 I have done. 過去完成式 I had done. 未來完成式 I shall have done. 進行時態現在進行式 I am doing. 過去進行式 I was doing. 未來進行式 I shall be doing. 完成進行式現在完成進行式 I have been doing. 過去完成進行式 I had been doing. 未來完成進行式 I shall have been doing. now 現在完成式過去完成式未來完成式

The lease is due to expire.
動詞時態 Be going + to ~ 將要，打算，可能會 I am going to buy a hat. Be about + to ~ 即將，就要 The plane was about to take off. 現在完成式表經驗 I have seen her before. I have never been in Japan. I have been to Taiwan. 現在完成式用以表示過去繼續到現在的動作 I have been here for two days. I have been here since last week. The lease is due to expire. Be + 不定詞表預定之意 We are to meet at eight.

假設語氣假設法過去假設過去完成假設法未來假設法現在表與現在事實相反的假設
If it were not raining, I would go shopping. If she were dressed in white, she might look quite pretty. If you read my letter, you might believe me. (指不確定的現在或未來假設) Would you mind if we called on you tonight? (指不確定的現在或未來假設) 假設過去完成與過去事實相反的假設 If they had left before eight, they could have avoided the rush hour. 假設法未來表未來極不可能發生的假設 If he should know the truth about the affair, he would be shocked. 假設法現在針對現在或未來之不確定的事 If it be rainy tomorrow, I will sow spinach seeds. If S + were ~, S + would, should, could, might + VR If S + had+過去分詞~, S + would, should, could, might + have + 過去分詞

與過去事實相反和現實相反的假設，很難實現的 I wish + {假設去過去，假設去過去完成}
I wish I could walk on the moon  I am sorry that I cannot walk on the moon. I wish I had run the whole course.  I am sorry that I did not run the whole course. 與現在事實相反 She looks as if she were a princess. I felt as though I knew nothing. 與過去事實相反 He looks as if he had been sick. They acted at though they had come from another world. If I were you, I wouldn’t ask them to help me.  Were I you, I wouldn’t ask them to help me. Were there (=If there were) any survivors, they would be saved by now. Had we had (=If we had had) enough money, we would have gotten it. Should I (=If I should) go, he would kill me. Had it not been for (=If it had not been for) you, she might have married me.

With more experience, he would succeed.
But for (=If it were not for) the sun, no living thing would exist. Suppose (that) you were left alone on a desert island, what would you do? I will come providing (that) I am well enough. I will go unless it rains. In case I should be late, don’t wait for me. With more experience, he would succeed. If he had more experience, he would succeed. To hear her play the violin, you would be surprised.  If you heard [where to hear] her play the violin, you would be surprised. Had better Would (had) rather Might as well As it were = so to speak

時態的變化 (主動被動) 現在時態的變化過去時態的變化未來時態的變化不使用be的被動語態
A cat catches a mouse.  A mouse is caught by a cat. She is teaching me English.  I am being taught English by her. She has taught me French for two years.  I have been taught French by her for two years. 過去時態的變化 She taught me English.  I was taught English by her. They were building a house for me.  A house was being built for me. I had just finished my work then.  A work had been finished by me then. 未來時態的變化 She will punish me.  I shall be punished by her. They will have eaten everything by the time we get there.  Everything will have been eaten by the time get there. 不使用be的被動語態 I got dismissed for neglect of duty. He got his figure pinched in the door. I had my bicycle stolen.

(準動詞)動狀詞具有動詞的形式，用作名詞、形容詞或副詞
Used to 用以表示過去習慣 I used to visit the library when I was not busy. (準動詞)動狀詞具有動詞的形式，用作名詞、形容詞或副詞不定詞分詞(現在, 過去) 動名詞不定詞分詞(現在分詞, 過去分詞) 動名詞

動狀詞之不定詞不定詞作用作名詞用的不定詞 (主，受，補充詞) 作名詞用名詞不定詞形容詞不定詞副詞不定詞獨立不定詞
To speak(主詞) is difficult. I found it(虛受詞) difficult to speak French well (真受詞). I like to go(受詞). He seems to be poor. You are to clean the window at once. I found him to be liar. He declared the statement to be true. My job is to look(補語) after children. 作名詞用

動狀詞之不定詞作形容詞用的不定詞 (不定詞)作形容詞用： She had many friends to help her.
A house to live in. I am very glad to see you. I am eager to see you. She is old enough to be your mother. She is too old to play piano. She was so good as to send me many books. (不定詞)作形容詞用： 1. 置於名詞或代名詞之後修飾名詞或代名詞 2. 當補語

動狀詞之不定詞作副詞用的不定詞 He seems to be tired. = It seems that he is tired.
She wants to see(修飾動詞) flowers. Apple is very good to eat(修飾形容詞). We have come here to study. You must be a fool to say so. He was ready enough to accept the proposal(修飾副詞). You must be a fool to say such thing(修飾整個句子). You are very kind to do so. It is very kind of you to do so. 獨立不定詞 To tell the truth, I want money. He seems to be tired. = It seems that he is tired. He seemed to be tired. =It seemed that he was tired. He seems to have been tired. = It seems that he was (or has been) tired. He seemed to have been tired. = It seemed that he had been tired.

動狀詞之分詞 (形容類) 分詞現在分詞和過去分詞尚有其他的功能分詞分類 作形容詞用，用以修飾名詞，或作句子的補語
帶有形容詞性質的動詞形態分詞分類現在分詞 (動原+ing), 進行式過去分詞 (動原+d或ed) Example Who is the lady speaking to your father? Men living in this city. This is a house built many years ago. This is the book written by Mr. Ting. She was crying. She kept me waiting. She looked pleased to hear my story. I saw her walking across the street. I had my pen stolen. 現在分詞和過去分詞尚有其他的功能 作形容詞用，用以修飾名詞，或作句子的補語 A barking dog A broken leg

分詞構句可以表時間，原因，理由，條件，讓步，附帶狀況等
動狀詞之分詞分詞的敘述用法作主格的補語 The whole town lies sleeping. 作受格補語 we heard him playing the guitar. 分詞構句 When I arrived in Taiwan (副子), I got in touch with him. Arriving in Taiwan (副片), I got in touch with him. 分詞構句可以表時間，原因，理由，條件，讓步，附帶狀況等 Walking about in the room, I bumped against the desk. Not being careful, he caught cold before the examination. Climbing to the top of this hill, you will see the whole town under your eyes. Granting that he said so, I can’t be sure what he really meant. Speaking of Coke, … Strictly speaking, … Added to this, …

動狀詞之動名詞動名詞的形式為 V-ing 動名詞的動詞性質動名詞的名詞性質動名詞表用途，目的現在分詞表動作，狀態
接受詞 My only pastime is climbing mountains. 接補語 Becoming a singer is her dream. 可用副詞來修飾 Playing on this field is forbidden. 動名詞的名詞性質作句子的主詞或補語 Keeping a diary means a lot of me. 作動詞的受詞 This car needs washing. 作介系詞的受詞 I never thought of going with her. 動名詞表用途，目的 A smoking room = a room for smoking 現在分詞表動作，狀態 A smoking lamp = a lamp which is smoking

副詞副詞功能副詞分類修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞 Tom recovered slowly.
He thought Linda simply beautiful. May plays amazingly well. 副詞分類簡單副詞指示副詞疑問副詞關係副詞表時間的副詞 Before, early, next month, at once 表場所的副詞 Here, out, somewhere 表程度和分量的副詞 Much, too, enough 表態度和方法的副詞 Well, kindly, slow 青肯定的副詞 Yes, certainly 表否定的副詞 No, not 表次數的副詞 Always, seldom, rarely

副詞指示副詞疑問副詞關係副詞 When, where, how, why
We passed the house where the fire started (v.). I still remember the day when she came. This is the house where I lived. This is the reason why I hate her. I still remember the day on which he arrived. This is the house in which I lived. This is the reason for which I hate her. Where  in which Why  for which How  by which

介詞放在名詞後面的形容詞片語形容詞片語作主詞補語放在動詞後的副詞片語名詞+介系詞+名詞或代名詞=形容詞片語
the cover of the book the students of our school the flowers in the garden The name of the owner is unknown. 形容詞片語作主詞補語主詞+be+介系詞或代名詞=形容詞片語 Tom is in trouble. 放在動詞後的副詞片語主詞+動詞+介系詞+名詞或代名詞=副詞片語 Tom has lived in the suburbs of Taipei for six years.

連接詞連接詞對等連接詞 And, or, but, so
She was born in France, so she speaks French. 從屬連接詞 That, if, whether, when 相關連接詞 Either ~ or, so ~ that

關係詞 (Relatives) 關係代名詞關係形容詞關係副詞兼具連接詞和代名詞性質的字
有who, which, whose, that等字關係形容詞 What, which, whatever, whichever之後接名詞時，稱之為關係形容詞關係副詞兼具連接詞和副詞性質的字有when, where, why, how等字關係詞 (Relatives) 關係代名詞複合關係代名詞關係形容詞關係副詞複合關係副詞 He has three sons who became lawyers. Whoever comes will be welcome. I gave her what little money I had. The day will come when your dream will come true. Come whenever you like.

She was robbed of her jewels,
關係代名詞名詞關係代名詞子句 + (關係子句/形容詞子句) (前述詞) A hat which I bought. This is the girl who wants to see you. (主格) A boy whom I like. (受格) A boy whose father I know. (所有格) He is the greatest poet that I ever saw. The lady (whom) you saw at the party is my sister. She was robbed of her jewels, some of which cost ＄500. I visited Malaysia the capital of which is Kuala Lumpur. I visited Malaysia whose capital is Kuala Lumpur. I visited Malaysia of which the capital is Kuala Lumpur. I visited Malaysia of which Kuala Lumpur is the capital.

關係形容詞 (後接名詞) She spoke French, which language(名) I didn’t understand.
Whichever way you go, you will have to cross the river. Whatever results follow, I will go. No matter what results follow, I will go.

關係副詞 When, where, why, how The day when I was born.
The city where I was born. The reason why I live there. The way how I write it. I know where he is living. This is how it happened.

關係子句人關代子句：(who, whom, whose, that) 關代子句：(which, whose, that) 物
主受所有主, 受關副子句：(where, when, why) 地方時間原因

其他片語不包括主詞和動詞名片形片副片名詞可以當(主詞，受詞，補詞) 形容詞可以放在名詞前或be動詞後，當補語用
He seems (vi) to be(可省略) ill. 動片=動+副 Put out 動片=動+名+介 Take care of Take notice of 動片=動+副+介 Look forward to Put up with Do away with Catch up with Whoever = no matter who Whomever = no matter whom Whichever = no matter which Whatever = no matter what 名詞片語代表是不定詞片語名詞子句代表是that-子句 I saw the play that you are talking about. 片語不包括主詞和動詞名片形片副片名詞可以當(主詞，受詞，補詞) 形容詞可以放在名詞前或be動詞後，當補語用子句有名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句關係子句又叫作形容詞子句，主要用來修飾名詞，包括了：關係代名詞子句關係副詞子句

其他補語 SC: Seeing is believing. He became a doctor.
We cannot help admiring her courage. We cannot but admire her courage. I would rather die than yield. Dare用法 Dare you go bungee jumping? 你敢高空彈跳嗎 He daren’t ask her. 他不敢問他 I dare you to cheat me. 諒你也不敢挑戰我 I dare say he’ll fail in the exam. 我敢說他一定會考差分詞 進行式 (形容詞功能，修飾名詞，作補語用) 補語 SC: Seeing is believing. He became a doctor. OC: We believe him honest. The story made me sad.

其他受詞可以是主詞可以是不定詞動名詞分詞名詞代名詞動名詞不定詞
主詞 To see a tiger there surprised me a lot. 受詞 He likes to play baseball. 補語 My mother taught me to be honest. 副詞 She came here to see me. 動名詞主詞 Studying on our own is the best way to learn. 動詞的受詞 I enjoy living in the country. 介系詞的受詞 we are interested in playing baseball. 分詞呈現時態、語態 They were playing in the park. Many animals were killed. 修飾名詞 We have many interesting books. A man called Martin write these stories. 補述 We sat together singing songs.

其他情態助動詞 Can/could John can speak English. Can I help you?
Can he come tomorrow? Will/would Tom will call you. I will persuade him to go. Will you go with me? Shall/should I shall return. Shall I close the window? May/might You may do as you like. He may not believe you. Must/had to You must go home now. He must be sad. You must not eat in the compute room.

其他頻率副詞程度副詞時間副詞地方副詞物質名詞不能直接數，只能用表示單位的片語來數
Always Usually Often Sometimes Seldom Never 程度副詞 Quite Very Too So Hardly almost 時間副詞 Tomorrow Today Before Afterwards 地方副詞 Here Everywhere There South Ahead 物質名詞不能直接數，只能用表示單位的片語來數 A cup of tea / two cups of tea A piece of chalk A sheet of paper A lump of sugar A bottle of beer A slice of bread A pound of butter A spoonful of sugar A cake of soap Of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞 This is a matter of great importance. = This is a very important matter. with+ 抽象名詞 = 副詞 You can read this book with ease. (=easily)

Cry, laugh, walk, run, come, go,
五個基本句型(1/2) 主詞+完全及物動詞+受詞完全及物動詞 See, hear, buy, sell, cook, sweep, dislike 複合及物動詞不及物動詞+介系詞 Look at, listen to, laugh at, run after Long for, deal with, complain of 及物動詞+副詞 Put on, take off, give up, take away Point out, play up, make up, think over 不及物動詞+副詞+介系詞 Look down upon, look up to Look forward to, do away with Look out for, make away with Walk off with, crack down on 主詞+完全不及物動詞 An air plane crashed. Cry, laugh, walk, run, come, go, Happen, fight, swim, rise, Bloom, crash 主詞+不完全不及物動詞+補語 S+be+C S+link+C John looks handsome. 表象類 Look, seem, appear, prove 變化類 Become, get, turn, go, make, fall, grow 感官類 Sound, taste, smell, feel 保持類 Remain, keep, stay V.I. verb Come, go, live, die, leave, return, sit, stand, part

五個基本句型(2/2) 主詞+授與動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞主詞+授與動詞+直接受詞+介系詞+間接受詞
Give, tell, show, teach, owe, wish, buy, hand Read, write, lend, make 主詞+不完全及物動詞+受詞+補語宣稱動詞 Call, name, declare, pronounce Prove, believe, think 五官動詞 See, hear, watch, observe, feel, perceive 使後動詞 Make, cause, render, let, allow, keep Have, order, bid, get

主詞名詞代名詞形容詞 (The + 形容詞 = 名詞) 動狀詞 (=名詞) 名詞子句虛主詞普通名詞 pen 專有名詞 Taiwan
抽象名詞 justice 物資名詞 water 集合名詞 police 代名詞人稱代名詞 I, You, He 疑問代名詞 who, what 不定代名詞 little, few, two, another, one 指示代名詞 this, these, such, the other 關係代名詞 who, whose, whom, which, that 形容詞 (The + 形容詞 = 名詞) The brave The Chinese The true The deep 動狀詞 (=名詞) 現在分詞 (主動) the sleeping 過去分詞 (被動 ) the accused 不定動詞 to learn English 被動不定詞 to be loved 主動動名詞 swinging 被動動名詞 be cheated twice 名詞子句以that引進以代名詞who, which, what引進以副詞when, where, how, why, whether引進虛主詞代表不定詞代表動名詞代表名詞片語代表名詞子句

受詞名詞代名詞形容詞動狀詞名詞片語名詞子句虛主詞 I consider it unnecessary to tell him.
The soldiers buried the dead. 動狀詞分詞 The police are searching for the missing. 不定詞 He asked to see our manager. 動名詞 Her daughter insisted on telling the truth. 名詞片語 He knows where to find a good restaurant. 名詞子句 The police have found out where he is hiding. 虛主詞 I consider it unnecessary to tell him. I found it harmful smoking in a closed room. We heard it said that his parents were divorced.

補語主詞補語受詞補語名詞代名詞形容詞動狀之分詞動狀之不定詞動狀之動名詞名詞片語名詞子句副詞子句副詞介詞介語名詞
This is justice. 代名詞 It is her I want to see. 形容詞 The weather is beautiful. 動狀之分詞 Her appearance is charming. 動狀之不定詞 My plan is to studying English in U.S.A. 動狀之動名詞 My only amusement is playing chess. 名詞片語 Our question is where to find a good teacher. 名詞子句 This is why he refused my request. 副詞子句 This is just as I expected. 副詞 The movie is on. 介詞介語 The books are on the desk. 名詞 We selected him President. 形容詞 We found the house empty. 不定詞 The soldiers don’t allow anyone to enter. 原形動詞 I made my brother do the job. 現在分詞 He kept me waiting downstairs. 過去分詞 He had the house painted in a day. 名詞子句 He has made himself what he wished to be. 副詞子句 Leave the machine as it is. 副詞 Do you think him in? 介詞片語 His friends kept him in the dark.

集合句=一個主要子句+一個以上的從屬子句主要子句表達中心思想從屬子句
名詞子句主詞、受詞、補語、同位格 The stranger ask where he could find a good restaurant. 形容詞子句形容主要子句的名詞群 The policeman who caught the chief has received a cash reward. 副詞子句修飾主要子句中的動詞群 The audience became silent as soon as the President entered the hall.

名詞子句名詞子句是名詞的擴大使用，名詞子句在句首必須有一連接詞，共分三類名詞子句作主詞名詞子句作動詞後的受詞名詞子句作介系詞後的受詞
符號類：that 副詞類：when, where, how, why, whether, if 代名詞類/形容詞類：what, which, who, whose, whom 名詞子句作主詞 Where the scientist is living is unknown. 名詞子句作動詞後的受詞 I know what has happened. 名詞子句作介系詞後的受詞 The value of a man lies in what he has done. 名詞子句作主詞的補語 This is what I expected. 名詞子句作受詞的補語 Education has made him what he is today. 名詞子句作主詞的同位格 The idea that a girl without learning is virtuous is out of date. 名詞子句作受詞的同位格 I have no idea how he finished the job. We must admit the fact that we are facing a crisis.

形容詞子句形容主句中的主詞形容動詞後的受詞形容介詞後的受詞形容主句中的補語形容主詞的同位語形容動詞後受詞的同位語
The boy who won the first prize is my brother. 形容動詞後的受詞 I need a book which can teach me how to write. 形容介詞後的受詞 Are you interested in novels whose plots are involved? 形容主句中的補語 This is the music which I enjoy most. 形容主詞的同位語 Taiwan, an island where everyone enjoys freedom and peace, is a base for national recovery. 形容動詞後受詞的同位語 Tom loves basketball, a sport which consumes a lot of his time. 形容介系詞後受詞的同位語 The couple paid a visit to temple, a place where there were many figures of gods. 形容補語後的同位語 This is a good dictionary, a reference book which you should own. 關係代名詞關係副詞特殊關係代名詞用法 But, as, than

特殊關係代名詞用法But, as, than No one but has strong will can succeed.
= No one who does not have strong will can succeed. There are no books in the library but he has read = There are no books in the library which he has not read. As many children as came to the party were given cakes. (as=who=主格) She shows no interest in such books as he has read. (as=which=受格) He spent more money than is necessary. (than代表money，作is的主詞) He earns more money than his wife can spend. (than代表money，作spend的受詞)　 (restrictive clause)限制性子句，形容一個不清楚的名詞，所以它的功能是修飾性的，非要不可，主句和子句之問不可用逗分開。 The teacher who has taught math for many years will go abroad soon. (non-restrictive clause)非限制性子句，所形容的名詞本身已很清楚，所以它的功能是補充性的，可要可不要。 Dr. Johnson, who has taught math for many years, is an outstanding scientist.

副詞子句主要用修飾主要子句或從屬子句中動詞的，表達動詞發生的時間，場所，原因，目的，手段，樣態等等。
原因及理由目的結果條件讓步比較關係比例假設語氣

副詞子句時間 I went home when the sun set.
We talked about it while we were eating. All students stood up as the teacher entered the room. He left before it started to rain. He went abroad after he had graduated from college. He had lived with us since he returned. They did not take dinner until their father came home. The thief disappeared the moment the policemen arrived. (the moment=as soon as) The instant I entered the room, everybody began to laugh. The year I was in Tokyo, I saw him twice. Every time I saw her, she was all smiles. The natives fled as soon as they saw us. We have work to do as long as we live. I shall visit you as often as I can.

副詞子句原因及理由目的 We may cancel the meeting since he is not here.
As he was in a hurry, he hired a taxi. The airplane crashed because a bomb exploded. I wear glasses because I am near-sighted. Now that dinner is ready, wash your hands. I cannot sleep at night for fear that burglars may break into. We need not help him seeing that he refused to help us. He sees very well considering that he is sixty years old. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. (in that=because) 目的 He studies medicine that he may become a doctor. Open the door so that we may breathe fresh air. She made puppets in order that she could amuse her children. I work hard that I may not fail She retreats from the window in order that she may not be seen. He wore heavy clothes lest he catch cold. I took a map for fear that I lose my way. Seeing/considering that =看到/考慮到(既然/由於)

副詞子句結果條件 He was so lazy that he did not want to eat.
I was such a big fool that I trusted him. A flood took place so that everyone deserted his home. He hated his work so much so that he wanted to quit. The fight ended with the result that both were injured. It never rains but it pours. They never meet but they quarrel. 條件 I will believe it if(如果) this is true. I won’t believe it unless(除非) this true. All will be well once(一旦) the road is constructed. I will excuse him provided he confesses his faults. I will come providing I have time. I will leave a note in case (that)(萬一) he is absent. The meeting will be put off in the event that(萬一) he does not arrive. You may eat anything if only(唯一條件) you do not eat much. I will permit you to go on condition that(條件是, 如果) you come back early. We will struggle so long as(只要) we live. I will do my duty as long as I remain in my job. On condition that = provided = providing

副詞子句方法一般性讓步 She did as her husband told her.
Although(多在主句前)， though(多在主句後) =雖然，儘管 As=although/though，唯一不同是 As 子句中的受詞或補語應置於as前 While/when=although/though Even though/if = 即使(強調用去) 副詞子句方法 She did as her husband told her. Never behave the way your father does. 一般性讓步指主要子句與從屬子句在句意上形成一種矛盾的對照 Although it seems incredible, it is true. He sometimes trembles though he is brave. A lot of money as he has made, he is still hard up. Young(補語置於as前) as he looks, he is really old. While I don’t like him, I like his works. We sometimes expect gratitude when we do not deserve it. I will do it even if you punish me. Even though it is raining hard, I still wish to go. Granting that he had said so, he may not keep his promise. Granted that he knows this, he still can do nothing about it. (Granted, admitting, assuming, conceding, conceded) + that = although, though

副詞子句動詞讓步人、事、時、地、方式、程度等讓步兩極讓步
重點在動詞，必須將動詞置於句首，至於動詞後的連接詞則應依動詞內容的需要或置代名詞，或置副詞等。 Work as he may, he cannot succeed. Do what he could, he cannot harm you. Go where you will, you cannot find him. Be a man ever so great, he has faults. Let a man be ever so wise, he cannot solve this problem. 人、事、時、地、方式、程度等讓步 I will punish you no matter who you are. Don’t do this whatever you may do. Whenever you may come, I’ll treat you with coffee. I can find you wherever you may hide. You must learn however old you may be. You cannot catch up with a car however fast you may run. You must finish it today no matter how you do it. However you come, come early. 兩極讓步 Whether he goes or stays, we will leave tomorrow. I want to talk to him whether he trusts me or not.

副詞子句比較比較句法最重要的是抓住比較的焦點：比形容詞，比副副，比名詞。它們又來自五大句型的什麼位置？補語的位置，受詞的位置，或者沒有位置(如副詞或副詞片語，屬於文法)。比較有：比高低，比半斤八兩，倍數比，前者不及後者，比率性的比較級。比高低兩個不同的主詞相比 An eagle flies faster (adv) than a sparrow. Mary is more beautiful (adj) than her sister. The boy speaks English more fluently (adv) than his father. Henry drinks more coffee (N) than Peter. His father gave him (O) more money (N) than his mother did (=gave him money). John sent us the money sooner (adv) than Peter did (=sent us the money). The news of his wedding made us more pleased (C) than the news of his promotion (made us pleased).

副詞子句比高低比半斤八兩一個主詞自比 They play more than work.
Mary is more beautiful than wise. Henry drinks more tea than coffee. He showed us more respect than sincerity. The news made me more surprised than pleased. 比半斤八兩兩個不同的主詞相比 John can run as fast as Henry. Mary is as beautiful as Joan. Mother loves you as much as he. John gave us as much money as Peter did. (比名詞之量) Miss lee told us the story as vividly as Miss Wang. (比副詞) 兩個主詞比不同的特點 John sings as well as Mary dances. Mary is as beautiful as John is intelligent. Mr. Chen speaks French as fluently as his wife speaks English. John told us his ghost stories as vividly as Peter told us his jokes. John’s ghost stories made us as frightened as Peter’s jokes made us heartened. They sing as much as dance. Mary is as beautiful as intelligent.

副詞子句倍數比前者不及後者比例性的比較級
An antelope runs several times faster than a boar. Helen is at least two times more beautiful than Joan. Mr. Wang speaks English ten times better than Mr. Lee. California it ten times as large as Taiwan. 前者不及後者 He does not work as quickly as his brother. The question is not so difficult as it seems. John does not drink so much coffee as his father. 比例性的比較級 The more practice one has, the more speed he will gain.

副詞子句關係 He can be diplomat as far as his English is concerned. (以…而論) So far as my health is concerned, I can do the job. As far as I can see, they are satisfied. (據..所看/知) He isn’t dead as/so far as I know. 比例 He became wiser as he grew older. He sees farther as he climbs higher. We pay you according as you show your ability.

複合句複合句就是一個句子包含兩個或更多的獨立子句(independent clause)，用對等連接詞(and, but, or)或連接性的副詞(however, nevertheless, hence, accordingly)或某些標點符號(:, ;, ,)等連接而成的句子。 The bell has ring, the teacher has come, and the students are all seated. Tom is poor but his brother is wealthy. John worked hard, yet he failed. You must work hard or you will get punished. My brother wears glasses, for he is near-sighted. (for表理由) Her father is dangerously ill, so she must send for a doctor. Cowards are cruel while the brave love mercy. I would help you with pleasure, only I am too busy. (only表例外) No only + S + V +but also + S + V + … Either/Neither + S + V + or/nor + S + V We played an hour; then we went home. He asked the question; however, he got no answer. John can speak French; so can Peter. John cannot speak Russian; nor can Peter. Tom was careless; hence his work was untidy. He is familiar with logic; furthermore, he has a profound knowledge of philosophy. Some people like fat; (=but) others hate it. You must get up early; (=for) the car will be here at six. Your clothes are already dirty; (so) you have to send them to the laundry.

虛主詞It構句 It is right to help handicapped.
It is a great honor wining the Nobel Prize. It is no sure how to get the initial fund. It is a big question where to get the fund. It is urgent that measures be taken to cope with the crisis. It is necessary for you to study sentence patterns before you can write. (事對人) It is kind of you to invite me. (形容人) It is believed that the police have arrested the suspect. It appears reasonable that he gave his children equal opportunity for education. It occurs to me that I still owe you five thousand dollars. It took me three hours to finish the report.

引導副詞There構句 There will be a garden party tomorrow afternoon.
There is a basket of fruits on the table. There was a rain shower last night. There will have been 500 million AIDS patients in the whole world when there is a cure for the disease. There have been a series of explosions after the fire. There had been some tremors before the big earthquake occurred. There may be a gas station ahead. There ought to be a library in the school. There must be twelve chapters in this book. There may have been some discussions about this problem. There seem to be a man and a woman in the car. There happened to be an auto accident in front of my house last night. There is sure to be a hot argument between them when they meet tomorrow. There is likely to be a test tomorrow. Here we go. Here we are. Here you are. Here it is. Here is the money. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. There goes the train. There it stands. There I agree with you.

Grammar Sentence Patterns
分詞構句 [分詞片語，S+V] (時間) Walking down the street, he saw a strange thing. [分詞片語，S+V] (原因) Being extremely timid, he dare not try. [分詞片語，S+V] (條件) Turning to the right, you will find the house. [分詞片語，S+V] (方法) Using a magnetic card, he opened the door. [S+V,分詞片語] (讓步) Granting he is old, he is strong. [分詞片語，S+V] (結果) An airplane crashed, killing all the passengers on board. 不定詞構句 [不定詞，S+V] (目的) To improve his English, he hired a native speaker for teacher. [不定詞，S+V] (條件) To use a common expression, he is ”as cunning as a fox.” [不定詞，S+V] (讓步) To give him all you have, you will still be unable to solve his problem. [不定詞，S+V] (假設語氣) To hear him talk, you would think him a foreigner.

動名詞構句 [動名詞片語，S+V] (時間) Upon returning home he found a stranger in. [動名詞片語，S+V] (原因) For completing the project, Smith was promoted to the position of manager. [動名詞片語，S+V] (目的) For passing the exam, he burned midnight oil. [動名詞片語，S+V] (條件) By studying harder, you will be able to pass the exam. [動名詞片語，S+V] (方法) By reading newspaper every day, you can improve your English. 絶對片語構句 The sun rising, we started our journey. Weather being fine, we want for a picnic. Weather permitting, we’ll leave on Monday.

名詞構句 [名詞，S+V] (原因) A mother of six children, she has much work to do. [S+V，名詞] (結果) He returned home from abroad, a scholar and millionaire. 形容詞構句 [形容詞，S+V] (原因) Poor and weak, he has lost interest in life. [S+V，形容詞] (結果) He left his office, sad and weary. 介詞構句 He has studied English for three years. 介詞片語構句 We express our thought by means of words. 副詞構句 Clearly, obviously, apparently, evidently Basically, fundamentally, essentially Certainly, undoubtedly, admittedly Fortunately, unfortunately Publicly, privately Socially, politically, economically, financially, militarily Clearly, this is my fault. Apparently, he is still in the dark. 介詞片語的結構：其他詞+介詞 Because of, due to, according to, Thanks to, as for, for all, with all 介詞+名詞+介詞 At the end of, in front of, in view of On condition of, for the sake of, By means of, in spite of, In comparison with, in regard to In proportion to, with the exception of In addition to 特別內容者 In appreciation of, in recognition of In honor of, in the name of, At the speed of, under the excuse of

Notes of 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
現在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那裡？最重要的不同在於，一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事，而且指定特定的時間，就一定要用〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現在完成式〞。比方說，〝我曾經看過「鐵達尼號」〞，可以用現在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達尼號」〞，就一定用過去式現在進行式的形態是 verb to be + present participle（現在分詞）現在分詞就是動詞＋ing 完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle，　I have read this book. 什麼情況之下要用現在完成式呢？發生在過去，而一直延續到現在，這種句子後面常有since或for I have studied English since 1963. 強調已經完成的事 I have already written the letter. He has already moved to a bigger house. 表示一種經驗 I have been to America. Have you ever seen snow? 表示一件過去常發生的事 We have already had two typhoons so far this year. He has already published three papers this year.

現在完成式和過去式比較 I went to America last year (過去式). I have been to America. (現在完成式) I saw The Titanic last year (過去式). I have seen The Titanic twice. (現在完成式) 現在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用 I have already had dinner. Since this summer began, we have already had two storms. It has not rained for a long time. I have never talked to this man before. I have never met your father. Have you ever been to America? 如果有一個行動，從過去發生後，就一直延續到現在，我們可以用現在完成式，假如我們要強調持續性，而且沒有間斷，我們可以用現在完成進行式 verb to have + been + present participle I have been studying English since 1974. I have been working here since I graduated from college. He has been acting like a fool lately. They have been dancing since seven o’clock. 過去完成式是不能單獨用的，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發生在過去，但 A 發生在 B 以前，A 應該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式 He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan. He had worked before he decided to go to college. I had studied calculus before I got into college. It had already snowed before Monday. 如果我們要強調較早發生事件的連續性，我們可以用過去完成進行式 I had been watching TV before you called me.

所謂動名詞，乃是將一個動詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個動詞就可以當作名詞用了 I like singing. 動名詞可用作主詞 Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people. 動名詞可以用作動詞的受詞 He loves swimming. 動名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞 This book is about traveling. 不定詞＝to＋動詞的原式 To love is to forgive. 不定詞可以用作主詞 To play tennis is great fun. 不定詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞 I like to swim. 不定詞可以跟在代名詞的後面 I told him to work hard. 不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中 He was told to work hard.

以下的動詞後面，不定詞的後面都要省掉to Let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice Understanding English is easy. I want you to work hard. Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English. I told him that I was going away. Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，他們都沒有主詞，也沒有動詞，這種字群，叫做片語（phrase）。 Who has been to England 和 I was going away中，內部都有主詞和動詞，這種字群，叫子句（clause）。以下的動詞後面，不定詞的後面都要省掉to Let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice 在英文裡，a有時必須用an代替，凡是一個字一開始的發音是母音的話，那麼前面就不能用a，而必須用an an apple

Notes of 旋元佑文法句型初級句型 Simple Sentences 基本句型及補語名詞片語與冠詞動詞時態不定詞片語動名詞
分詞形容詞副詞語氣介系詞主詞動詞一致性中級句型 Complex Sentences, Compound Sentences 名詞子句副詞子句關係子句對等連接詞與對等子句高級句型 Reduced Clauses, Inverted Sentences 形容詞子句減化名詞子句減化副詞子句減化倒裝句

John gave(授與v.) him a dog.
Notes of 旋元佑文法補語 (important!!!) John die (不及物, 可獨立發生) in World War Two (C). John killed (及物, 要有受詞) three enemy soldiers (O). 不必翻譯的動詞：be動詞需求補語的動詞：在英文動詞中，接補語的動詞(連綴動詞)，都可以解釋為各種各樣的【是】 Look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, turn, prove, become, make That dress looks pretty (SC). 主詞補語的句型，是用補語告訴人家主詞是什麼，中間用【是】為動詞串聯起來。 S+V+O+C的句型則是告訴大家受詞是什麼，中間暗示有一個【是】的關係存在。 I find the dress (O) pretty (C). 補語的詞類，應該是名詞和形容詞比較合理，因為主詞或受詞都是名詞，所以補語也可以是名詞，經由【是】的連接來表達全等的關係。 John (S, N) was a soldier (C, N). 補語的詞類是形容詞，經由動詞【是】的引導來修飾主詞John是怎樣的人 I consider (V) John (O) courageous (C, adj). 有兩個受詞的句型 John gave(授與v.) him a dog.

Notes of 旋元佑文法 The magician (s) moved (v) his fingers (o) quickly.
The police found the letter missing. The police found the missing letter. He ordered himself a steak and a bottle of red wine. Don’t you like dancing? The President has gone abroad on a visit. That sounds like a good idea. The box feels heavy. He told his guests a dirty joke at the party. The people elected Bill Clinton President. The child asks her mother a million questions a day. Monkeys love bananas. You can leave the door open. The company has gone bankrupt. Why don’t you answer me? I consider you a member of family. It never rains in California. You’ll look better with these designer glasses on. I can see better without these reading glasses. Do you call me liar?

Notes of 旋元佑文法名詞片語包括限定詞、形容詞、名詞三部分動詞時態 a new book many good students
his beautiful wife the best answer those sweet roses 動詞時態簡單式完成式簡單式過去時間現在時間未來時間完成式

Notes of 旋元佑文法簡單式之過去時間
The U.S. established diplomatic relations with P.R.C. in 1979. The movable print was introduced to England in 1485. I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday. I was watching TV when I heard the doorbell. The witness was being questioned in court when he had a heart attack. established In 1979 was in 1485 was The whole day yesterday was When I heard the doorbell was when he had a heart attack

Notes of 旋元佑文法簡單式之現在時間簡單式之未來時間 Huang pitches a fast ball.
He is our President. All mothers love their children 7-11 is selling big cokes at discount this month. According to NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted. 簡單式之未來時間 There will be a major election in March. Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I’ll still be sleeping then. The building will be razed next month. 把be動詞當動詞看，句子就只剩下兩種狀態，簡單式與完成式簡單式以括弧型的時間表示完成式以箭頭型的時間來表達 Be動詞後面的分詞當做形容詞補語，現在分詞有正在進行的意思，過去分詞有被動的意思

Notes of 旋元佑文法完成式之現在時間完成式之過去時間完成式之未來時間
I’m sure I have seen this face somewhere. We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order. The house has been redecorated twice since they moved in. 完成式之過去時間 Many soldiers had died from pneumonia before the discovery of penicillin. I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit. Japan had not been defeated yet by the time Germany surrendered unconditionally. 完成式之未來時間 Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years. Come back at 5:00. Your car will have been fixed by then. In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours.

Notes of 旋元佑文法不定詞片語不定詞和助動詞的共同點不定詞和助動詞的共同點 I am glad to know you.
還原成 I am glad because I can know you. 這句可以進一步改寫成 I am glad because I am able to know you. 由於主詞相同，是重複的元素，動詞be是空的be動詞，沒有意義(I am都可以省略了，because也沒必要了) 剩下的to know本身就帶有able to的暗示了，所以就變成不定詞片語 To加原形動詞所形成的片語視為助動詞的變化不定詞和助動詞的共同點後面都接原形動詞 I will go. I want to go. 都有不確定的語氣 He may be right. He seems to be right. 都要用完成式來表達相對的過去時間 It must be raining now. (現在) It may rain any minute. (未來) It might even show. (未來) It must have rained last night. (過去) It seems to have rained last night. (過去) 所有重要的語氣助動詞，都可以改寫為不定詞 Must – have to Should – ought to Will/would – be going to Can/could – be able to May/might – be likely to

Notes of 旋元佑文法不定詞與動名詞的區分 Plan They plan to marry next month. Avoid
傳統文法的動狀詞(Verbals)包括了現在分詞(Ving)，過去分詞(Ven)，動名詞(Ving)與不定詞(to V)。其中現在分詞、過去分詞是形容詞類不定詞則是【不一定什麼詞類】：可以當名詞、形容詞、副詞使用 Notes of 旋元佑文法不定詞與動名詞的區分 Plan They plan to marry next month. Avoid I avoid making the same mistake twice. I avoid something. Hate I hate to say this, but I think you’re mistaken. Like/dislike I like to be the first. I don’t like to wait too long. I dislike standing in long lines. Try I always try to be on time. Why don’t you try being late for a changes? Remember Please remember to give me a wake-up call at 6:00 tomorrow. I remember calling her at 6:00 last night. Stop The speaker stopped talking at the second bell. The speaker stopped a second to drink some water.

Notes of 旋元佑文法 Let, have, make等使役動詞，後面接原形動詞感官動詞後接原形動詞其他使役動詞 Hate Try
I have to say this, but I think you’re mistaken. To say是I have to say，也就是I must say的變化 Try I always try to be on time. To be on time可視為I can be on time的變化動狀詞：動名詞不定詞分詞(現在分詞及過去分詞) 當形容詞用 (都可當名詞) 容混淆 Let, have, make等使役動詞，後面接原形動詞感官動詞後接原形動詞其他使役動詞 The little girl ask her mother to come to the PTA meeting The little asked if her mother would come to the PTA meeting. The teacher asked the little girl to stay behind. The teacher made the little girl stay behind. (後面接原形動詞)

Notes of 旋元佑文法動名詞的特性動名詞的一些變化動名詞與普通名詞的比較 Let me buy you a drink.
Drinking is his only vice. 動名詞片語與名詞子句的比較 I(S) really enjoyed (V) teaching English to school children at night (O). I really enjoyed that I taught English to school children at night. 動名詞片語可以視為名詞子句的變化動名詞的一些變化複合字 Picking strawberries can be fun. That anybody picks strawberries can be fun. 主詞不能省略的處理方式 I don’t like that John calls my girlfriend day after day. I don’t like John’s calling my girlfriend day after day. 動名詞的被動態 That I was invited here is a great honor. Being invited here is a great honor.

Notes of 旋元佑文法動名詞和現在分詞的分辨
That flying(現在分詞) bird is a black-faced spoonbill. That flying(動名詞) jacket looks smart on you. That flying bird 補語位置來看 That bird (S) is (v) flying (c). 傳統文去分析為 That bird (S) is flying (v). 現在分詞(表狀態)可以視為形容詞補語而be動詞為動詞動名詞 (表目的) That is jacket for flying. 動名詞的結構接近普通名詞可是往往帶有動作,持續的意味

Notes of 旋元佑文法把分詞一詞一律視為形容詞可收驾簡馭繁的效果形容詞(可用分詞來取代之)位置現在分詞與形容詞的關係
名詞片語中補語位置現在分詞與形容詞的關係 That black dog doesn’t bite. A barking dog doesn’t bite. 過去分詞與形容詞的關係 Clean water is safe to drink. Boiled water is safe to drink. 帶有完成暗示而非被動態的過去分詞 I can’t find my wallet. It’s gone (c). 現在分詞與過去分詞的區分現在分詞有進行的暗示，過去分詞有被動、完成的暗示 He is disappointed at his scores. His scores are disappointing. 形容詞子句減化 Toy made in Taiwan are much better now. Toy which are made in Taiwan are much better now. The vase being auctioned now is Ming china. Wounded in war, the soldier was sent home. The pigeon, after flying 2000 miles, was caught up in a net. Having finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.

Notes of 旋元佑文法英文的修飾語有兩種
副詞和形容詞廣義的形容詞包括了形容詞子句，減化形容詞子句(包括了分詞片語，同位格，不定詞)，介系詞片語，複合字及單字。放在名詞後的形容詞 I don’t know anybody else. John and his brother alike are unreliable. Money alone cannot solve our problem. 名詞轉用為形容詞 A government store 複合字形容詞 A five-year-old child 形容詞在名詞片語位置與補語位置的比較 John is sick (c) today and couldn’t come to work. John is a sick man. 副詞修飾動詞、形容詞與副詞，但有時也可以修飾名詞　　 Vegetables, especially spinach, are good for you.

Moods是利用動詞變化來表達【真、假】口吻的方式
Notes of 旋元佑文法 Moods是利用動詞變化來表達【真、假】口吻的方式敘述實實語氣 The movie starts in 5minutes 條件語氣 You may be right. The doctor thinks it can be AIDS. It may have rained a little last night. (用完成式表達對過去的猜測) 假設語氣祈使語氣

Notes of 旋元佑文法假設語氣現在時間 If I were you, I wouldn’t do it. 過去時間
If I had known earlier, I might have done something. 未來時間 If an asteroid should hit the earth, man could die out.

Notes of 旋元佑文法 Complex Sentence：主要子句+從屬子句從屬子句：名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句。名詞子句
名詞子句 I know that I am right. 形容詞子句 My father is a man who always keeps his word. 副詞子句 He works hard because he is in need of money. 名詞子句典型的名詞子句有以下的特性本身原來是一個完整、獨立的單句前面加上連接詞that，這個連接詞沒有意義，只有文法功能，表示後面跟著一個名詞子句。名詞子句須放在主要子句的名詞位置(主詞，受詞，補語，同位格等位置)，當做名詞使用主詞位置 That he didn’t show up on time is strange. 受詞位置 The defendant said that he didn’t do it. 補語位置 The important thing is that we are all right. 同位格位置 The story that he once killed a man might just be true. I know who you are.

Notes of 旋元佑文法副詞子句與主要子句之間有點像對等子句的關係副詞子句與對等子句的比較
Call it a day 結束一天的工作 Let's call it a day 今天就到此為止 Give it a try 副詞子句與主要子句之間有點像對等子句的關係副詞子句與對等子句的比較 Because(從屬連接詞) he needs the money(副語子句), he works hard(主要子句). He needs the money(對等子句), and(對等連接詞) he work hard(對等子句). 兩句的意思其實是一樣的，副詞子句用從屬連接詞because，而對等子句用對等連接詞and。副詞子句與名詞子句比較 The witness said that(連接詞) he saw the whole thing(名詞子句). The witness said this, though(連接詞) he didn’t really see it(副詞子句). 副詞子句的種類 He became more frugal after he get married. I was all over when I got there. If he call, I will say you are sleeping. As there is not much time left, we might as well call it a day. The mother locked away the drugs so that the kids wouldn’t swallow any by mistake. Although you may object, I must give it a try. As far as money is concerned, you needn’t worry. He writes as if he was left handed.

關係子句的連接詞是子句中內含字眼的改寫，而名詞子句與副詞子句的連接詞都是外加的
Notes of 旋元佑文法形容詞子句(關係子句) 兩個句子要有交集 For boyfriend I am looking for a man. He is tall, rich, and well-educated. 把交集點改寫為關係詞的拼法(wh-)，讓它產生連接詞的功能 who is tall, rich, and well-educated 將關係子句附於主要子句的交集點(名詞)後面來修飾它(作形容詞使用) For boyfriend I am looking for a man who is tall, rich, and well-educated. 關係子句的連接詞是子句中內含字眼的改寫，而名詞子句與副詞子句的連接詞都是外加的 I know that(外加的連接詞) I am right. I know this because(外加的連接詞) I have proof. I don’t trust people who(改寫而來的) talk to much. 關係子句(形容詞子句)中與主要子句的交集點，可能是代名詞，也可能是副詞。改變為wh- 的拼法，分別稱為關係代名詞與關係副詞。

Notes of 旋元佑文法如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫為關係副詞。代名詞關係代名詞
He, she, they Who It, they Which His, her, their, its whose Him, her, them Whom 副詞關係副詞 Then When There Where So How For a reason why The man whom(可省略) you saw just now is my uncle. 如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫為關係副詞。

Notes of 旋元佑文法關係副詞 When 如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫成關係副詞。
When, where, how/why, When 關係副詞when就是時間副詞then的改寫，有連接詞的功能 The rain came at a time. The farmers needed it most then.  兩個句子以a time和then的重複建立關係 The rain came (at a time) (when) the farmers needed it most. at a time和when應該擇一省略來避免重複 At a time和when都是可有可無的副詞類 The rain came when the farmers needed it most. The rain came at a time the farmers needed it most. I need some time. I can be with my daughter then. I need some time I can be with my daughter. Some time雖然沒有內容，而且重複，但為名詞類，不是可有可無的副詞類，不能隨便省略 I know the time. He will arrive then. I know the time (when) he will arrive. 如果省略the time  I know when he will arrive. 這就不是關係副詞了，而是名詞子句 I know (v) when he will arrive (名詞子句).

Notes of 旋元佑文法 Where How/why 關係副詞where就是地方副詞there的改寫
The car stopped at a place. Three roads met there.  The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met. At a place和where都是副詞類，擇一省略之 How/why 由so改寫的how 由for a reason改寫成的why Can you show me the way? You pulled off that trick in that way (=so) Can you show me the way(先行詞) (how) you pulled off that trick(副詞子句)? the way為名詞類，不能省略之，如果省略，就會變成名詞子句了 Can you show me how you pulled off the trick(名詞子句)? The Johnsons have a place (where) they can get away from other people. Please tell me where you were last night(名詞子句).

Notes of 旋元佑文法有逗點的關係副詞子句 Wh-ever與副詞子句 Shakespeare was born in 1564.
Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne then. Shakespeare was born in 1564, when Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne. The best museum in Taiwan is the Palace Museum, where you can see our national treasures. Wh-ever與副詞子句 Whatever (=No matter what) he may say, I won’t change my mind. Whichever way you go, I’ll follow.

單句的結構只有五大句型的變化，複句及合句包含兩個以上的子句，其間往往有重複的元素，因而有進一步精簡的空間
Notes of 旋元佑文法單句的結構只有五大句型的變化，複句及合句包含兩個以上的子句，其間往往有重複的元素，因而有進一步精簡的空間減化子句合句的減化方式是刪除對等子句間相對應位置(主詞與主詞、動詞與動詞)重複的部分複句的減化包括了名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句三種的減化，一般文法書稱這三種從屬子句的減化為【非限定子句】，並稱其中的Ving(動名詞或現在分詞)，Ven(過去分詞)與to V(不定詞)為【非限定動詞】從屬子句減化的通則省略主詞與be動詞只保留補語部分 It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral. It is common to wear black while attending a funeral. Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is a wooden building, Needs a fire alarm. Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a Fire alarm.

Notes of 旋元佑文法形容詞子句的減化
形容詞子句就是關係子句，主從子句之間一定有重複的元素以建主關係，如果重複的元素是關係子句的受詞，通常只是把關係詞本身省略。 The main is here. You asked about him. The main whom you asked about is here. (沒有減化的) The man you asked about is here. (減化的) 補語為Ven Beer is most delicious. It is chilled to 6 degree. Beer which is chilled to 6 degree is most delicious. Beer chilled to 6 degree is most delicious. 補語為Ving The ship which is coming to shore is from Taipei. The ship coming to shore is from Taipei. 補語為to V John is the one who should go this time. John is the one to go this time. The main和him的重複而建立關係形容詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法不定詞的主動，被動判斷不定詞有無受詞的判斷不定詞後面有無介系詞的判斷
補語為to V 不定詞的主動，被動判斷 John is not a man to trust. John is not a man to be trust. 不定詞有無受詞的判斷 This is exactly the time. We should do it at this time. This is exactly the time when we should do it. This is exactly the time we should do it. This is exactly the thing. We should do the thing. This is exactly the thing which we should do. This is exactly the thing we should do. (重複的元素是關係子句的受詞，通常只是把關係詞本身省略) 不定詞後面有無介系詞的判斷 He will be the toughest guy. You must deal with the guy. He will be the toughest guy whom you must deal with. He will be the toughest guy you must deal with. (減) He will be the toughest guy to deal with. (減) 形容詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法補語為一般形容詞補語為名詞
Hilary Clinton, who is pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. Hilary Clinton, pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. 補語為名詞 Bill Clinton, who is President of the U. S., is a Baby Boomer. Bill Clinton, President of the U. S., is a Baby Boomer. 形容詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法名詞子句的減化減化後剩下的補語是Ving型態名詞子句減化後的補語有兩個常見的型態：Ving, to V
主詞位置 That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. 受詞位置動詞的受詞 Many husbands enjoy that you do the cooking. Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking. 介系詞的受詞 He got used to(介) something. He worked late into the night. He got used to working late into the night. (to後面不能接名詞子句 that he worked late into the night) 補語位置 His favorite pastime is that he goes finishing on the weekends. His favorite pastime is going finishing on the weekends. 名詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法減化後剩下的補語是Ving型態主詞不能省略時改成SVOC句型
I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me. I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me. 用所有格來處理 That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me. His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me. 加介系詞來處理 I am worried that my son lies all the time. I am worried about my son lying all the time. 如何處理被動態 That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult. Being called a liar is the greatest insult. I am looking forward to something. I am invited to the party. I am looking forward to being invited to the party. 動詞是單純的be動詞時 That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience. Being a teacher requires a lot of patience. 名詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法減化後剩下的補語是to V型態名詞子句的減化，若其中有語氣助動詞，含有不確定語氣，就會成為不定詞(to V)
The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas. The children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas. The children expect to get presents for Christmas. 主詞不適合省略時 I want that you should go. I want that you are to go. I want you go to. 代表疑問句的名詞子句減化 What should I do? I don’t know the question. I don’t know what I should do. I don’t know what to do. To V與Ving的比較 He forgot that he should see his dentist that day. (不確定) He forgot to see his dentist that day. He forgot that he saw the man before. (確定語氣) He forgot seeing the man before. 名詞子句的減化

Notes of 旋元佑文法副詞子句的減化 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4
傳統文法把副詞子句的減化稱為分詞構句、獨立片語等。減化為Ving，若副詞子句是進行式，那麼就省主詞和be動詞，只剩下Ving補語。反之，若沒有語氣助動詞可供改寫，就得改寫成進行式，再省略be動詞，也可以得到Ving的結果。 While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. Example 1 Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home. Having nothing to do here, we might as well go home. Example 2 Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave early. Although having nothing to do here, we can’t leave early. Example 3 He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her. He raised his hand, as if trying to hit her. Example 4 As I am a student, I can’t afford to get married. As a student, I can’t afford to get married. Being a student, I can’t afford to get married. Example 5 Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child. In school, he used to be a naughty child. Before being in school, he used to be naughty child. Example 6 After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail. After writing the letter, he put it to mail. Having written the letter, he put it into mail. 副詞子句的減化

Notes of 朗文英文文法全集英文的詞性 You may have heard this joke before.
冠詞, 名詞, 介詞, 代名詞, 副詞, 連接詞, 副詞, 感歎詞, 形容詞, 動詞, 助動詞 You may have heard this joke before. You should have taken some medicine. I want you to be more careful. S seem/appear +不定詞 My dog seems to understand English. I happened to see Jim in a bookstore. happen/prove/turn out It happened / turned out that … Come/get to + 不定詞 I come to like this small town. be to 不定詞

Summary 1 五大句型動詞語態子句副詞分詞複句名詞動名詞合句形容詞不定詞動詞代名詞假設語氣助動詞準動詞
被動式時態片語

Summary 2 句子要素句子形式五大句型動狀詞(準動詞) 動詞時態助動詞英文的詞性子句不定詞(名詞用法)
主部與述部受詞補語修飾語句子形式直述疑問句命令句感嘆句五大句型 SV SVC SVO SVOO SVOC 動狀詞(準動詞) 原形不定詞 (名, 形, 副) 動名詞 (名) 分詞(現在, 過去) (形, 副) 動詞時態簡單式(現在, 過去, 未來) 完成式(現在, 過去, 未來) 助動詞 Can, be able to, may, must, have to, should, ought to, could, might, would, will, need, used to 英文的詞性冠詞, 名詞, 介詞, 代名詞, 副詞, 連接詞, 副詞, 感歎詞, 形容詞, 動詞, 助動詞子句名詞子句副詞子句形容詞子(關係子句) 閞代關副不定詞(名詞用法) 當主詞當補語當受詞不定詞(副詞用法) 目的結果

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Reference 最新英文文法分析背誦英文法200句型朗文英文文法全集旋元佑文法英文論文寫作技巧遠東新英文法新觀念簡明英文法
英文文法學習者綜合手冊 600句型輕鬆學 The Easy Way to Learn 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法英文法問&答

English Grammar 蔡進義 Chin-Yi Tsai (Matt)

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English Grammar 蔡進義 Chin-Yi Tsai (Matt)

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