Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

本章我们将探索这些问题的答案: 什么是经济波动?它们的特点是什么? 总需求与总供给模型如何解释经济波动?

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "本章我们将探索这些问题的答案: 什么是经济波动?它们的特点是什么? 总需求与总供给模型如何解释经济波动?"— Presentation transcript:

0 总需求与总供给 33 经济学原理 [美]曼昆 著 上海财经大学
This is perhaps the most important of the macro chapters. It develops the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, a paradigm that is widely used by many economists, policymakers, journalists, and business people. Mastering this chapter will give students much insight into how the world works, and will make the following two chapters easier to learn. Most students find this to be one of the most challenging chapters in the textbook. However, much of the material here should be familiar from previous chapters – e.g., the Classical Dichotomy, the relationship between investment and interest rates, the relationship between net exports and the exchange rate. This chapter brings together much of this familiar material in a new context, which allows us to address new and important questions, such as: what causes recessions, and what can policymakers do to alleviate recessions? This is one of the more challenging chapters to teach. I’ve invested a lot of time and thought into making a good PowerPoint presentation for this chapter. But there is a lot of variation in the approaches instructors use to teach this material. You’ll want to look over this file and perhaps make changes to make it work with your approach to teaching this material. 上海财经大学

1 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案: 什么是经济波动?它们的特点是什么? 总需求与总供给模型如何解释经济波动?
为什么总需求曲线向右下方倾斜?什么使总需求曲线移动? 短期总供给曲线的斜率是多少?长期的呢?什么使总供给曲线移动? 1

2 介绍 长期中,美国真实GDP平均每年增长3%左右 短期中,GDP的增长围绕这个趋势波动: 衰退:真实收入下降和失业增加的时期
长期中,美国真实GDP平均每年增长3%左右 短期中,GDP的增长围绕这个趋势波动: 衰退:真实收入下降和失业增加的时期 萧条:严重的衰退 短期的经济波动通常称为经济周期 总需求与总供给

3 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实1:经济波动是无规律的且不可预测 美国真实GDP,2000年的十亿美元 阴影面积表示衰退 3
Recessions (represented by the shaded bars) are of different durations and do not occur with any regularity. Hence, the common term “business cycle” is a bit misleading, as “cycle” implies something more regular and predictable. UNITS: Billions of chained 2000 dollars ORIGINAL SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis WEBSITE WHERE I FOUND THIS DATA: SERIES: GDPC1 3 3

4 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实 2:大多数宏观经济变量同时波动 投资支出,2000年的十亿美元 4
Point out that investment falls during each recession. This is true of other variables as well: When the economy is in recession, incomes fall, consumer spending falls, profits fall, many stock prices fall, tax revenue falls (causing the budget deficit to rise), and spending on imports falls (causing the trade deficit to shrink). UNITS: Billions of chained 2000 dollars ORIGINAL SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis WEBSITE WHERE I FOUND THIS DATA: SERIES NAME: GPDIC1 4 4

5 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实 3:随着产量减少,失业增加 失业率,劳动力百分比 5
During each recession, the unemployment rate rises. When firms cut back on production, they don’t need as many workers. Similarly, during expansions, we see the unemployment rate falling – as firms increase their output, they need more workers. UNITS: Percent of labor force (seasonally adjusted) ORIGINAL SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics WEBSITE WHERE I FOUND THIS DATA: series “UNRATE” Note: The source data was monthly. To be consistent with Figure 1c of the text, I graphed quarterly data, where each quarterly value is a simple average of the three monthly values. 5 5

6 介绍 解释这些经济波动较为困难,并且经济波动理论仍然是有争议的 大多数经济学家用总需求与总供给模型来研究经济波动
解释这些经济波动较为困难,并且经济波动理论仍然是有争议的 大多数经济学家用总需求与总供给模型来研究经济波动 这个模型与古典经济学家用来解释长期世界的模型不同 This is a slide you can probably cut if you wish to shorten your presentation of this chapter. It would be fine to just state this information verbally. 总需求与总供给 6

7 古典经济学 前面章节的内容都是基于古典经济学,特别是: 古典二分法,把变量分为两类:
前面章节的内容都是基于古典经济学,特别是: 古典二分法,把变量分为两类: 真实变量 —衡量数量或相对价格的变量 名义变量 —按货币衡量的变量 货币中性:货币供给的变动影响名义变量,而不 影响真实变量 If you have covered the long-run chapters before this one, then your students have seen these terms already. It may be worth reminding your students that the Classical Dichotomy is what allowed us to study the real variables (like real GDP and its growth rate, the unemployment rate, investment, and the real wage) in separate chapters before we introduced nominal variables (like the price level and money supply). 总需求与总供给 7

8 古典经济学 大多数经济学家认为古典理论描述了长期世界, 但并没有描述短期世界
大多数经济学家认为古典理论描述了长期世界, 但并没有描述短期世界 在短期内,名义变量(如货币供给或物价水平) 的变动会影响真实变量(如产量或失业率) 为研究短期世界,我们需要一个新的模型 As in previous chapters, “u-rate” is short for unemployment rate. 总需求与总供给 8

9 总需求与总供给模型 物价水平 短期总供给 模型决定了均衡物价水平 和均衡产出(真实 GDP) P SRAS P1 总需求 AD Y Y1
P Y 物价水平 AD SRAS 短期总供给 模型决定了均衡物价水平 P1 Y1 总需求 NOTE: In edit mode (what PowerPoint calls “Normal view”), this slide looks cluttered. But in presentation (or Slide Show) mode, it all works pretty well. As in previous chapters, “eq’m” is short for “equilibrium.” Suggestion: Briefly explain each element of the graph as it appears. (Brief is appropriate because each element will be discussed carefully in the following slides.) Note that the graph measures a nominal variable (P) on the vertical axis, and a real one (Y) on the horizontal axis. Thus, the graph highlights the breakdown of the classical dichotomy. If you are more of a micro person, then please disregard the following. Still reading? Then you must be a macro person. Excellent! Here’s something you might tell your students. This model LOOKS like the basic supply and demand model from Chapter 4, but there’s a big difference. The basic supply & demand model determines the equilibrium price and quantity of a particular good, say, apples. The equilibrium price of apples is extremely important if you’re an apple grower. Ask your students to raise their hand if they plan on going into the apple-growing business. Chances are, none will raise their hands. The model of aggregate demand and supply, however, determines the equilibrium price and quantity of EVERYTHING (loosely speaking), i.e., the price level (cost of living) and real GDP (national income). So, the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is highly relevant to a broader group of people than just apple growers. How ’bout them apples! 和均衡产出(真实 GDP) 真实GDP,产量 总需求与总供给 9

10 总需求(AD)曲线 总需求曲线告诉我们在任何一种既定的物价水平时经济中所有物品与劳务的需求量 P P2 P1 AD Y Y2 Y1
P Y 总需求曲线告诉我们在任何一种既定的物价水平时经济中所有物品与劳务的需求量 AD P2 Y2 P1 Y1 As in previous chapters, “g&s” stands for “goods and services.” 总需求与总供给 10

11 为什么总需求曲线向右下方倾斜 Y = C + I + G + NX 假设G由政府政策固定
Y = C + I + G + NX 假设G由政府政策固定 为了解总需求曲线为什么向右下方倾斜,我们必须考察物价水平如何影响用于消费,投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量 P Y AD P2 Y2 P1 Y1 Y1 总需求与总供给

12 财富效应(物价水平与消费) 假设物价水平上升: 人们持有的美元只能购买更少的物品与劳务,真实财富减少 人们觉得变得更穷 结果:消费减少
假设物价水平上升: 人们持有的美元只能购买更少的物品与劳务,真实财富减少 人们觉得变得更穷 结果:消费减少 Note: the wealth effect concerns the impact of a change in P on wealth, not on income. When P falls, we are implicitly assuming that people’s real incomes are unchanged, and we are only considering the impact of the change in their real wealth on their consumption spending. After all text on this slide has appeared, you might tell your students that this effect works in reverse, too: a fall in P raises real wealth, which causes consumption to rise. 总需求与总供给 12

13 利率效应(物价水平与投资) 假设物价水平上升: 购买物品与劳务需要更多的货币 为了得到货币,人们出售债券或其他资产 这使利率上升
假设物价水平上升: 购买物品与劳务需要更多的货币 为了得到货币,人们出售债券或其他资产 这使利率上升 结果:投资降低 (回忆:投资与利率负相关) Note: Again, we are holding real income (and everything else) constant. Note: At this point, some students will not understand why an increase in household demand for bonds causes interest rates to fall. If you wish, you can explain it now, or you can tell them not to worry about it for now – it will be covered in more detail in the following chapter (in the section on the Liquidity Preference Theory). After all the text on this slide has appeared, you might tell your students that the interest-rate effect also works in reverse: a decrease in P causes a decrease in interest rates, which increases investment. 总需求与总供给 13

14 汇率效应(物价水平与净出口) 假设物价水平上升: 美国利率上升(利率效应) 外国投资者想要更多的美国债券 外汇市场上对美元的需求增加
假设物价水平上升: 美国利率上升(利率效应) 外国投资者想要更多的美国债券 外汇市场上对美元的需求增加 美元升值 美国出口物品相对于外国人而言变得更贵,而美国居民觉得进口的物品变得更便宜 结果:净出口减少 Again, the exchange-rate effect also works in reverse: A decrease in P causes interest rates and exchange rates to fall, which increases NX. 总需求与总供给 14

15 总需求曲线的斜率:总结 物价水平的上升减少了物品与劳务的需求量,因为: 财富效应 (消费减少) 利率效应(投资减少)
物价水平的上升减少了物品与劳务的需求量,因为: P Y P2 Y2 财富效应 (消费减少) P1 利率效应(投资减少) AD Note that the red arrow is not equal to the fall in C, but rather to the fall in demand due to the fall in C. The difference is due to the Keynesian multiplier: the initial fall in C causes a fall in Y, which causes a further (but smaller) fall in C, which causes a further (but smaller) fall in Y, and so forth. It might not be appropriate to cover the Keynesian multiplier at this point – it will be discussed in the following chapter – but mentioning that the red arrow is not the same as the fall in C might prevent students from learning something they will later have to unlearn. Similarly, the green arrow represents not the fall in I, but the fall in demand due to the fall in I. And similarly for the goldish-brown arrow and NX. 汇率效应 (净出口减少) Y1 总需求与总供给 15

16 为什么总需求曲线会移动 任何改变消费,投资,政府购买或净出口的事件—除开物价水平的变动—都会移动总需求曲线
任何改变消费,投资,政府购买或净出口的事件—除开物价水平的变动—都会移动总需求曲线 例如:股市繁荣使家庭 觉得更富有,消费增加, 总需求曲线向右移动 P Y AD2 AD1 P1 Y1 Y2 A change in P won’t shift the AD curve, but will cause a movement along the AD curve. 总需求与总供给 16

17 为什么总需求曲线会移动 消费变动引起的移动 股市繁荣/大跌 偏好变化:消费与储蓄之间的权衡取舍 增税/减税 投资变动引起的移动
企业购买新计算机,设备和建造新工厂 乐观预期/悲观预期 利率,货币政策 投资税收优惠或其他税收激励 总需求与总供给

18 为什么总需求曲线会移动 政府购买变动引起的移动 净出口变动引起的移动 联邦政府的支出,如国防开支 州和地方政府支出,如公路、学校
购买我们出口产品的国家经济的繁荣/衰退 外汇市场上国际投机者引起货币升值/贬值 总需求与总供给

19 在下列各种情形中,总需求曲线会发生什么变动? A. 一个十年期的投资税收优惠到期 B. 美元汇率下降(贬值)
主动学习 总需求曲线 在下列各种情形中,总需求曲线会发生什么变动? A. 一个十年期的投资税收优惠到期 B. 美元汇率下降(贬值) C. 物价水平的下降增加了消费者财富的真实价值 D. 州政府对利息,红利和资本收益征收新税以取代销售税 You might encourage your students to draw a separate diagram of the AD curve for each scenario and show on the diagram what happens to the curve. 19

20 C. 物价水平的下降增加了消费者财富的真实价值 沿总需求曲线移动(财富效应) D. 州政府对利息,红利和资本收益征收新税以取代销售税
主动学习 参考答案 A. 一个十年期的投资税收优惠到期 投资减少,总需求曲线向左移动 B. 美元汇率下降(贬值) 净出口增加,总需求曲线向右移动 C. 物价水平的下降增加了消费者财富的真实价值 沿总需求曲线移动(财富效应) D. 州政府对利息,红利和资本收益征收新税以取代销售税 消费增加,投资减少,总需求曲线不确定 20

21 总供给(AS)曲线 总供给曲线告诉我们在任何一种既定的物价水平时企业生产并销售的物品与劳务总量 总供给曲线: 在短期内向右上方倾斜
总供给曲线告诉我们在任何一种既定的物价水平时企业生产并销售的物品与劳务总量 P Y LRAS SRAS 总供给曲线: 在短期内向右上方倾斜 The slope of the AS curve depends on the time horizon: In the short run, the aggregate supply curve is upward-sloping. (“SR” = “short run”). In the long run, the aggregate supply curve is vertical. These slopes will be explained in the following slides. 在长期中垂直 总需求与总供给 21

22 长期总供给曲线(LRAS) 自然产量率(YN): 一个经济在长期中当失业处于其正常率时达到的物品与劳务的生产
自然产量率(YN): 一个经济在长期中当失业处于其正常率时达到的物品与劳务的生产 自然产量率也称为潜在产量或充分就业产量 P Y LRAS The book does not use the notation YN. I use it here to keep the slides from getting too cluttered, and also to make it easier for students to take notes: it’s easier for them to write “YN” than “the natural rate of output.” YN 总需求与总供给 22

23 为什么长期总供给曲线是垂直的 自然产量率取决于经济中劳动,资本和自然资源的存量以及技术水平
自然产量率取决于经济中劳动,资本和自然资源的存量以及技术水平 物价水平上升并不影响它们之中的任何一项,因此也不会影响自然产量率 (古典二分法) P Y LRAS P2 P1 This is review from the chapter “Production and Growth.” YN 总需求与总供给 23

24 为什么长期总供给曲线会移动 任何改变决定自然产量率因素的事件都会使长期总供给曲线移动 例如:移民使工人数量增多,因而自然产量率也会增加 P
P Y LRAS1 LRAS2 YN 任何改变决定自然产量率因素的事件都会使长期总供给曲线移动 例如:移民使工人数量增多,因而自然产量率也会增加 YN 总需求与总供给

25 为什么长期总供给曲线会移动 劳动或自然失业率变动引起的移动 物质资本或人力资本变动引起的移动 移民 生于婴儿潮时期的人的退休
政府降低自然失业率的政策 物质资本或人力资本变动引起的移动 工厂,设备投资 更多人获得大学文凭 飓风损坏工厂 总需求与总供给

26 为什么长期总供给曲线会移动 自然资源变动引起的移动 技术知识变动引起的移动 新矿藏资源的发现 进口石油供给的减少 影响农业生产的气候模式变化
技术进步提高生产率 It might be worth mentioning that the change in weather patterns or reduction in imported resources would have to be reasonably long-lasting for the LRAS curve to shift. Short-lived changes are more likely to affect SRAS than LRAS. 总需求与总供给 26

27 描述长期增长与通货膨胀 在长期中,技术进步使长期总供给曲线向右移动 货币供给增加使总需求曲线向右移动 结果: 产量增长和持续的通货膨胀
LRAS2000 在长期中,技术进步使长期总供给曲线向右移动 LRAS1990 P Y LRAS1980 AD2000 AD1990 货币供给增加使总需求曲线向右移动 P2000 P1990 AD1980 P1980 结果: 产量增长和持续的通货膨胀 In the following chapter, it will be more clear why money supply growth shifts the AD curve rightward. Y1980 Y1990 Y2000 总需求与总供给 27

28 短期总供给曲线 (SRAS) 短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜: 在一年或两年后,物价水平上升 引起物品与劳务供给量的增加 P Y SRAS P2
短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜: 在一年或两年后,物价水平上升 P Y SRAS P2 Y2 引起物品与劳务供给量的增加 P1 Y1 总需求与总供给

29 为什么短期总供给曲线的斜率重要 如果AS曲线是垂直的,AD的波动并不引起产量或就业的波动
LRAS P Y ADhi 如果AS曲线是垂直的,AD的波动并不引起产量或就业的波动 Phi SRAS Phi Yhi ADlo Plo Ylo 如果AS曲线向右上方倾斜,那么AD曲线的移动的确影响产出和就业 AD1 Before introducing the three theories of short-run aggregate supply, it’s worth taking a moment to show students why the slope of SRAS is critically important in the theory of economic fluctuations. Plo Y1 总需求与总供给 29

30 短期总供给曲线的三种理论 在每一种理论中, 都存在某个市场的不完全性
在每一种理论中, 都存在某个市场的不完全性 结果: 当经济中的实际物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时,供给量就背离了其长期水平或自然水平 Each of these theories provides a reason why the aggregate supply curve might have a positive slope in the short run. It would be most helpful if students carefully read this section of the chapter! 总需求与总供给 30

31 1. 粘性工资理论 不完全性: 名义工资在短期中是粘性的,它们调整缓慢 由于劳动合同,社会规范
不完全性: 名义工资在短期中是粘性的,它们调整缓慢 由于劳动合同,社会规范 企业和工人在已知实际物价水平P之前就根据他 们预期的物价水平PE签订合同,设定名义工资 总需求与总供给

32 1. 粘性工资理论 如果 P > PE 收入增加,但劳动成本不变 生产有利可图,于是企业提高产量和增加雇佣工人
如果 P > PE 收入增加,但劳动成本不变 生产有利可图,于是企业提高产量和增加雇佣工人 更高的物价水平引起更高的产量,因此短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜 “If P > PE” means “If the actual price level turns out to be higher the price level firms had expected...” 总需求与总供给 32

33 2. 粘性价格理论 不完全性: 许多价格在短期内是粘性的 企业根据预期物价水平PE设定一个粘性价格 由于存在菜单成本,调整价格是有成本的
不完全性: 许多价格在短期内是粘性的 由于存在菜单成本,调整价格是有成本的 例如:印刷新菜单的成本,改变价格标签所需要的时间 企业根据预期物价水平PE设定一个粘性价格 总需求与总供给

34 2. 粘性价格理论 假设美联储未预料到地增加货币供给。在长期中,物价水平上升 在短期内,没有菜单成本的企业会立即提高价格
假设美联储未预料到地增加货币供给。在长期中,物价水平上升 在短期内,没有菜单成本的企业会立即提高价格 有菜单成本的企业需要时间来提高价格。同时,他们的价格相对较低,这会增加对他们产品的需求。他们会提高产量和增加雇佣工人 因此,高物价水平与高产出联系在一起。所以短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜 总需求与总供给

35 3. 错觉理论 不完全性: 企业可能会混淆物价水平的变动与它们出售产品相对价格的变动
不完全性: 企业可能会混淆物价水平的变动与它们出售产品相对价格的变动 如果P高于PE,企业会在注意到所有产品价格上 升之前看到它出售产品价格的上升,并据此认 为它出售产品的相对价格上升,进而提高产量 和增加雇佣工人 因此,物价水平的上升引起产出的增加, 使短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜 Of the three theories, this one seems the least plausible. Firms certainly have a strong incentive to not mistake a general price increase for a relative price increase. And information about the price level is costless and available with only a short lag (especially the CPI, which is published monthly and very widely reported the moment it comes out). My remarks here are not officially part of the textbook, so they are not supported in the study guide or test bank. Feel free to ignore them. 总需求与总供给 35

36 a > 0,衡量产量对物价水平未预期到的变动做出多大反应的数字
三种理论的共同点 在这三个理论中,当实际物价水平背离人们预期的物价水平时,短期产量就背离其长期水平(自然产量率) Y = YN + a (P – PE) 产量的供给量 自然产量率 (长期) a > 0,衡量产量对物价水平未预期到的变动做出多大反应的数字 实际物价水平 预期的物价水平 Economists debate which of these theories is correct. It’s possible that each of them contains some element of truth. For our purposes here, the similarities between these theories are more important than their differences: all three imply that output deviates from its long-run level (the “natural rate of output”) when the price level (P) deviates from the level people had expected (PE). 总需求与总供给 36

37 三种理论的共同点 Y = YN + a (P – PE) P > PE 预期物价水平 P < PE Y < YN
Y = YN + a (P – PE) P Y P > PE YN SRAS 预期物价水平 PE P < PE The preceding slide introduced an equation of aggregate supply that shows how output deviates from full-employment when the actual price level is different than expected. This slide illustrates these concepts using a graph. When P = PE, Y = YN When P < PE, Y < YN When P > PE, Y > YN Y < YN Y > YN 总需求与总供给 37

38 短期总供给曲线与长期总供给曲线 在这些理论中的不完全性都是暂时的。随时间推移: 在长期中, 粘性工资与粘性价格都将具有伸缩性
在这些理论中的不完全性都是暂时的。随时间推移: 粘性工资与粘性价格都将具有伸缩性 相对价格的错觉也会得到纠正 在长期中, PE = P 总供给曲线垂直 总需求与总供给

39 短期总供给曲线与长期总供给曲线 Y = YN + a (P – PE) P LRAS SRAS PE 在长期中,
P Y LRAS Y = YN + a (P – PE) SRAS PE 在长期中, PE = P ,Y = YN. Notice that when the price level equals the expected price level, output is equal to its long-run value, the natural rate of output. Interpretation: In the short run, people may be fooled about the price level, or they may be locked into wages or prices that were set before they knew what the price level would actually be. Hence, in the short run, P may differ from PE. But in the long run, expectations catch up to reality, P = PE, and therefore Y = YN, as in the Classical model. Thus, our theory of economic fluctuations is basically the Classical model (which we studied for several chapters) augmented with some kind of market imperfection (such as sticky wages). The impact of the market imperfection occurs only in the short run, so the long-run behavior of our model is Classical. YN 总需求与总供给 39

40 为什么短期总供给曲线会移动 移动长期总供给曲线的任何事件都会使短期总供给曲线移动 预期物价水平PE 变化也会移动短期总供给曲线: P
移动长期总供给曲线的任何事件都会使短期总供给曲线移动 预期物价水平PE 变化也会移动短期总供给曲线: 如果PE上升, 工人与企业会制定更高的工资 在每个P,生产获利减少,Y下降,短期总供给曲线向左移动 P Y LRAS SRAS SRAS PE PE YN 总需求与总供给

41 长期均衡 在长期均衡中, PE = P, Y = YN , 失业率等于自然失业率 PE YN P LRAS SRAS AD Y
在长期均衡中, PE = P, Y = YN , 失业率等于自然失业率 P Y LRAS SRAS PE AD YN 总需求与总供给

42 经济波动 是引起AD或AS曲线移动的事件所致 分析经济波动的4个步骤:
是引起AD或AS曲线移动的事件所致 分析经济波动的4个步骤: 1. 确定某个事件是使总需求曲线移动,还是使总供给曲线移动(或者两条曲线都移动) 2. 确定曲线移动的方向 3. 用总需求和总供给图说明这种移动如何影响短期的产量和物价水平 4. 用总需求和总供给图分析经济如何从其新的短期均衡变动到其长期均衡 This four-step approach is based on the three-step approach used in Chapter 4 to analyze changes in the basic supply & demand model. 总需求与总供给 42

43 总需求移动的影响 事件:股票市场崩溃 1. 影响消费,AD曲线 2. 消费减少,所以AD曲线向左移动
事件:股票市场崩溃 1. 影响消费,AD曲线 2. 消费减少,所以AD曲线向左移动 3. 短期在B点达到均衡 物价水平与产出都下降,失业增加 4. 在长期中,PE下降, SRAS曲线一直向右移动,直到达到长期均衡点C。产出与失业回到起始水平 P Y LRAS YN AD1 SRAS1 AD2 P1 A SRAS2 P2 Y2 B The results from this exercise apply to any event that shifts AD to the left, whether a stock market crash, recession abroad, wave of pessimism, or other. The stock market crash reduces consumers’ wealth, which depresses their spending. The AD curve shifts to the left. The new short-run equilibrium is at point B, where P and Y are lower, and hence unemployment is higher. (Remember Fact #3 about economic fluctuations: unemployment and output move in opposite directions.) At point B, P < PE. Over time, PE falls, wages fall, and sticky prices become flexible and fall. The SRAS curve moves rightward. This process continues until the economy arrives at point C, where GDP and unemployment are back at their natural rates, and PE = P once again. Notice that, in the absence of policy intervention, the economy “self-corrects.” Of course, this process takes time, and policymakers may not want to wait. At point B, policymakers could use fiscal or monetary policy to shift aggregate demand to the right and move the economy back to A. P3 C 总需求与总供给 43

44 总需求两次重大的移动: 1. 大萧条 从1929-1933年, 由于银行体系出现问题,货币供给量下降 28%
总需求两次重大的移动: 1. 大萧条 从 年, 由于银行体系出现问题,货币供给量下降 28% 股价价格下降90%,消费与投资减少 Y下降27% P下降22% 失业率从3%上升到25% 美国真实GDP, 2000年的十亿美元 Two possible causes of the Great Depression: the fall in the money supply, and the stock market crash. Either would shift the AD curve left, causing P and Y to fall and causing unemployment to rise. Data source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce 总需求与总供给 44

45 总需求两次重大的移动: 2. 第二次世界大战 从1939-1944年, 政府支出从91亿美元上升到913亿美元 Y增加90% P上升20%
总需求两次重大的移动: 2. 第二次世界大战 美国真实 GDP, 2000年的十亿美元 从 年, 政府支出从91亿美元上升到913亿美元 Y增加90% P上升20% 失业率从17%下降到1% This boom was clearly caused by a surge in govt spending. Our model predicts an increase in G would shift AD to the right, increasing P and Y, and reducing unemployment. These predictions are consistent with the data. Source for GDP data: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce Source for data on government outlays: Economic Report of the President, 2005 edition, Table B 总需求与总供给 45

46 画出美国经济的AD-SRAS-LRAS图形,从经济的长期均衡开始
主动学习 模型的应用 画出美国经济的AD-SRAS-LRAS图形,从经济的长期均衡开始 加拿大出现经济繁荣,用你的图形分析这对美国 GDP,物价水平和失业率的短期与长期影响 46

47 事件:加拿大经济繁荣 主动学习 2 参考答案 1. 影响 NX,AD曲线 2. AD曲线向右移动
主动学习 参考答案 事件:加拿大经济繁荣 1. 影响 NX,AD曲线 2. AD曲线向右移动 3. 短期均衡在点B。P与Y 增加,失业率降低 4. 随时间的推移,PE上升,SRAS曲线一直向左移动,直到达到长期均衡点C。Y与失业率回到起始水平 P Y LRAS YN SRAS2 AD2 P3 C SRAS1 AD1 P2 Y2 B P1 A The boom in Canada increases the incomes of Canadian consumers. In turn, their spending rises. Some of their spending is on products from the U.S., so their spending increase causes U.S. exports to rise. This shifts the U.S. AD curve to the right. The new short-run equilibrium is at point B, where P and Y are higher, and hence unemployment is lower. At B, P > PE. Over time, PE rises, wages rise, and sticky prices become flexible and rise. The SRAS curve moves leftward. This process continues until the economy arrives at point C, where GDP and unemployment are back at their natural rates and expectations about P have caught up to reality. 47

48 短期总供给移动的影响 事件:油价上涨 1. 成本上升,SRAS曲线移动(假设 LRAS 不变) 2. SRAS曲线向左移动
事件:油价上涨 1. 成本上升,SRAS曲线移动(假设 LRAS 不变) 2. SRAS曲线向左移动 3. 短期均衡在点B,P上升,Y下降,失业率上升 从A点到B点,滞涨: 产出下降而物价水平上升的一段时期 P Y LRAS YN SRAS2 AD1 SRAS1 P2 Y2 B P1 A An increase in oil prices might also affect LRAS. For simplicity, and to be consistent with the textbook, we assume it only affects the SRAS curve. 总需求与总供给 48

49 抵消短期总供给的不利移动 如果政策制定者不作为: 4. 低就业使工资下降,SRAS曲线一直向右移动,直到长期均衡点A
如果政策制定者不作为: 4. 低就业使工资下降,SRAS曲线一直向右移动,直到长期均衡点A P Y LRAS YN SRAS2 AD2 P3 C AD1 SRAS1 如果政策制定者使用财政或货币政策来增加总需求,以此抵消总供给的移动: Y 回到 YN 但 P 会永远都更高 P2 Y2 B P1 A 总需求与总供给

50 20世纪70年代的石油冲击及其影响 1973-75 1978-80 真实石油价格 + 3.5 百万 – 0.7% + 21% + 138%
真实石油价格 + 3.5 百万 – 0.7% + 21% + 138% + 1.4 百万 + 2.9% + 26% + 99% CPI 真实GDP The first oil shock: Oil prices more than doubled in just two years, causing SRAS to shift leftward. As our model predicts, the price level rose, GDP fell, and unemployment rose. From 1975 to 1978, oil prices rose at less than the rate of inflation, the number of unemployed persons fell by 1.7 million, and real GDP grew by 16%. The economy was self-correcting. But just when things were getting better, the second oil shock hit. Oil prices doubled, due in part to a revolution in Iran in Again, as our model predicts, SRAS shifted left, inflation rose, and unemployment increased. The table shows that real GDP rose 2.9% during this period – but remember, this is not an annual rate, it is 2.9% for the entire period, which is substantially below the long-run average growth rate of about 3% per year. Data sources: CPI and unemployment: Bureau of Labor Statistics, GDP and oil prices: FRED database, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, 失业量的变化 总需求与总供给 50

51 约翰.梅纳德.凯恩斯 1883-1946 《就业、利息与货币通论》 1936年
《就业、利息与货币通论》 1936年 衰退和萧条之所以发生,是因为对物品与劳务的总需求不足;政策制定者应该移动总需求 对古典经济学理论的著名批评: 长期是对当前事情的一个误导。在长期中我们都会死。如果在暴风雨季节,经济学家只能告诉我们,暴风雨在长期中会过去,海洋必将平静,那么他们给自己的任务就太容易且无用了 Much of the theory in this chapter and the one that follows originates in the work of Keynes. This slide reproduces his famous critique of the long-run focus of classical macroeconomics. In one way, this slide is a good candidate for cutting if you think this PowerPoint file is too long. Students can easily read about Keynes on their own in the FYI box that appears in the textbook at the end of this chapter. On the other hand, showing this in class gives students a nice break from all the theory they have sat through. And students may not read the FYI box on their own. 总需求与总供给 51

52 结论 本章介绍了总需求与总供给模型,这个模型可以帮助我们解释经济波动 记住:这些波动背离了我们前面章节学习模型所解释的经济的长期趋势
本章介绍了总需求与总供给模型,这个模型可以帮助我们解释经济波动 记住:这些波动背离了我们前面章节学习模型所解释的经济的长期趋势 下一章中,我们将学习政策制定者如何运用财政和货币政策来影响总需求 总需求与总供给

53 内容提要 GDP与其他宏观经济变量的短期波动是无规律且不可预测的。衰退是指真实GDP下降和失业率上升的时期
经济学家用总需求与总供给模型来分析经济波动 总需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为价格水平的变动有财富效应,利率效应和汇率效应 53

54 内容提要 任何改变消费,投资,政府购买或净出口的 事件(除物价水平的变动)都会移动总需求曲线
长期总供给曲线是垂直的,这是因为物价水平的变动并不影响长期的产出 在长期中,产出取决于经济中的劳动、资本、自然资源和技术;这些因素中的任何一个变动都会移动长期总供给曲线 54

55 内容提要 在短期中,当实际物价水平与人们预期的物价水平背离时,产量就会与自然产量率背离,产生向右上方倾斜的短期总供给曲线。本章提出了三种用以解释短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的理论:粘性工资理论,粘性价格理论和错觉理论 预期价格水平和其他使长期总供给曲线移动的事件的改变都会使短期总供给曲线移动 55

56 内容提要 经济波动是由总需求或总供给的移动引起的
当总需求减少时,短期中产量和物价就会下降。随着时间的推移,当预期物价水平的变动引起工资、物价和感觉进行调整时,短期总供给曲线就会向右移动,并使经济在一个新的,较低的物价水平时回到其自然产量率 56

57 内容提要 总供给的减少引起滞涨—产量减少和物价上升。随着时间的推移,当工资,物价和感觉进行调整时,短期总供给曲线向右移动,使物价水平和产量回到其原来的水平 57


Download ppt "本章我们将探索这些问题的答案: 什么是经济波动?它们的特点是什么? 总需求与总供给模型如何解释经济波动?"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google