Carl Chang 常 亮 English Lexicology 英语词汇学

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1 Carl Chang 常 亮 English Lexicology 英语词汇学 15310917176
（公邮） English College 英语学院 2010/09

2 常亮：副教授，87年川外硕士毕业；93-94年美国访问学者，94年四川省优秀青年骨干教师， 95-04年英语系副主任，04年日本高校管理研习，05年日本修读“中日比较英语”博士；主担课程有：词汇学、文体学、英译汉；发表有：“英语教学：教什么，如何教” ，“从-er看英语的构词和词汇”，“语法正确与地道英语” ，“试论英语词汇系统的构成”， “虚实词分类质疑”， “试析克林顿北大演讲风格”， “非谓语表探”， “英语的形素及形素系统”， “当今美语时尚浅析” ，“我看词的定义”， “关于英语的偏离否定”等论文。

3 The teacher Funny/interesting: official names: A. B.; Voc; Funny Chang; Jiaozi Chang; etc. Other experiences: publish or perish? Strict: attendance; (critical) thinking + hard practice; Helping; to be helped Creative/original; Personal guiding

4 Introduction Carl’s experience with words：voc；pc; Jap
Words + vocabulary+ lexicology: Types, varieties, styles and their features Lexicology and linguistics Vocabulary and good English

5 Objectives 目标 通过讲授词汇学基本理论、并着重通过对各种实例进行构词、语义及词类分析，对学生进行词汇分析基本训练，使学生了解并初步掌握词汇学理论、基本词汇学概念和词汇框架以及各种英语词汇特征，初步学会对词汇进行正确的分析，提高学生使用和欣赏各种英语词语和具体英语单词的能力、了解并关注词汇文体的意识及词汇分析能力，提高学生的逻辑思维能力、英汉语言词汇比较能力和词汇翻译能力。

6 The textbook 张维友 《英语词汇学教程》 华中师大出版社 2006年

7 References to use 林承璋《英语词汇学引论》（第3版）武汉大学出版社 2005
丁建新《现代英语词汇学教程》重庆大学出版社 2004年 陆国强《现代英语词汇学》（新）上外教出版社 1999年 汪榕培《英语词汇学高级教程》上外教出版社 2002年 冯世梅《英语词汇学》中国水利水电出版社 2006年 中国国际广播电台CRI The 21st Century newspaper

8 Requirements 要求 翻译方向/专业/班次的学生必选；其他任选。
要求学生通过认真听讲、积极参与提问和讨论、读阅一些参考书、结合其它场合的语料，多多观察体会从而领会词语构成、语义、文体。完成presentation任务，期末参加含有课程论文的测试，并以此作为成绩。

9 Course Policy Regular attendance: 5-score minus for each absence
Class participation award: 2-5 scores for class contribution Scores: final exam 70% + regular 30%

10 The ways Selective, 1 term, Exam To learn and use word-building ways To evaluate + appreciate word types/styles Frame work, basic ideas Focus on sample studies Lectures+discussions+questions+prezentation Observe+think samples/examples

11 In comparison to Chinese lexicology and vocabulary Vocabulary translation Grammar/logic study Semantics/pragmatics Stylistics

12 Key topics Word formation Word classification Word meaning Word development/change

13 Chap 1 Basic concepts Word: minimal, free, meaningful, spoken：teacher, blackboard, the Vocabulary: general/given in time, space, domain, person, usage Sound & meaning: arbitrary, conventional: “母亲”，”meat/meet” Sound & form: 表音, not closely

14 Chap 1 Types of words(1) Basic stock: all-national, stability, productivity, polysemy, collocability Non-basic: term, jargon, slang (slanguage), argot, dialectal, archaic Neologism: mouse, internet, , hacker, web, blog/vlog, webisode, sheeple, Mao’s suit, fruice, Clinton-speak, soy milk, frosh, Ms, first husband, petropolitics, boob tube, stagflation, underdeveloped, washroom, earthrise, waterboarding, staycation, green collar

15 spoken//written words
super, awesome; realty; cell; veep(vp); subprime mortgage; foreclosure; Neutral: bailout

16 Content/functional: the, around Native/borrowed
Chap 1 Types of words(2) Content/functional: the, around Native/borrowed denizen, alien, translation loan, semantic loan Borrowed Chinese: kungfu (martial art), tofu, kuanxi, landlord, mao-tai, yuan, yin-yang, won-ton Borrowed Jap: kimono, sushi, karate, tycoon, judo, sakura, massage, yen

17 Features: de-inflection; adaptability; heterogeneity
Chap 2 Changing vocabu History: Features: de-inflection; adaptability; heterogeneity Borrowed elements

18 Chap 3 Morphology Word-building components Morph, morpheme, allomorph Bound/free Root/stem/base Root/affix Affix: derivational/inflexional Affix: prefix/suffix

19 Chap 4 Derivation: negative prefixes
productive/native/short: -y, etc. distribution un-: productive/native/short in- (im-; il-; ir): non-prod dis-: non-prod non-: a little prod a-: never prod

20 Chap 4 Examples for nega 1 inadequate/insufficient, insane, incapable, inconsistent; #in/un+advisable/adaptable/sanitary (unhealthy), indistinct/unclear, insecure, insincere, inconsiderate, incorrect, incompetent, incredulous/incredible, unhealthy, insignificant/unimportant, inaccurate/imprecise,, inactive, irrational, improper/inappropriate, unequal/inequality

21 continued unforgettable, *unforgetful, unfaithful,
unprofessional, unreasonable, unsuitable, ?in/unadjustable,, unpopular (irregular, dissimilar), unsystematic, unsympathetic, unfamiliar, unfortunate, inedible/uneatable, unaware; inexpensive/unrich, im/unpractical/unrealistic unforgettable, *unforgetful, unfaithful,

22 continued inexistence, un/dis/imbalanced, (interested), invaluable=priceless, unvalued=valueless, *unvaluable, infamous/indifferent, #in/un-cautious/frequent/stable dissimilarity, dismount, disgrace, disrespect, disapproval, disable(ment), dislike/unlike

23 continued un-American/non-American nonbook/nonfiction/nonnovel non-hero/anti-hero unperson/unpeople non-smoker/un-smoker

24 continued amoral, un/immoral, non-moral, unethical
atheist, abnormal, atypical,asymmetry(uneven), anarchy, anonymous, ascetic, abuse

25 ? “不够，混乱，不能，不合适，不安，不清楚，考虑不周，不健康，无道理/理智，无意义，不礼貌，难忘”

26 Chap 4 Reversion prefixes
de-: a little productive dis-: non-prod; disposable; disproduct; disable; un-: native, very productive 年

27 Chap 4 Examples for revers
defrost/unfreeze; unfix (do, tie, pack, write, fold, roll); unrest/disorder; derail (regulate, occupy, compose, bus, control, pollution, forestation); disconnect (infect, color, courtesy)

28 Chap 4 Pejorative pref mal- mis- pseudo- malnourish (nutritious, function, develop) misleading (diagnose, dial, giving, inform, conception) mis/decode, un/discover pseudonym/graph, (-塑料，-知识分子）

29 ? “营养/发育不良，畸形，失灵” “假钱/肢//发/花/货/艺术家/民主/检讨”

30 Chap 4 Degree prefixes 1 hyper: plane, sonic, mall
super: jet, man, power, secret, script, port, structure(infrastructure), ette out: act, grow, live, run, do, eat, weigh, sleep, Hitler, tank, man, missile, number over: culture, exploit, cook, sleep, eat, (sur)charge, educate, dressed, tax, speed under: cook, charge, educate, develop, privileged, tax, produce, serviced sub: normal, prof, title, let, employ, prime mortgage, manager, center, cult, marine, continent

31 Chap 4 Degree pref 2 mini, midi, maxi: skirt, bus, order, war, radio, mini-mini-skirt micro: mike, microminiskirt, scope mega: enterprise extra: ordinary, money, marital, ET 大中小号衣服(XL, L, M, S); 特大、大中小型（企业） ultra:violet, marine, left, modern, sound

32 Chap 4 Attitude prefixes
Anti: social, aircraft, missile, cancer, body, gas, material, dote, climax, American, pollution, hero, novel, knock, magnetic, apartheid, skid, phrasis, euro, （耐/防火/水） counter: revolution, intelligence, act, part, example, ctu 反时针？ pro: euro, Jap co: chair, heir, owner, ?wife, ed, existence, op, colleague, compact/patriot/fort/bine, contract/tact, correlation

33 Chap 4 Locative pref inter: view, lude, provincial, act, disciplinary, change, com, dept, cooler intra: personal, tele: com, conference, school, diagnose trans: oceanic, racial, vertist 跨国公司/婚姻,跨文化,多国部队,国际刑警

34 Chap 4 Time prefixes ex: girl friend, serviceman, 前总统？;
fore: tell, see, stall, runner, closure; ante: room, cedent, date, meridian, type, natal; post: modern, war, pone, treatment, modifier, neonatal, 911, Olympic, quake, industrial,(code); pre: conference, lib, lude, view, marital, (antenuptial), payment, history, cancer, sort; re: write, ?say, call/collect/cycle, cover, sign, act, lay, claim, play, inforce, charge, fill; 婚前/后，再婚/复婚，前言;

35 Chap 4 Number prefixes 1 semiconductor (diameter, prof, circle, cylinder); hemiparasitic (cycle); demilune unicycle (axial, lateral, versity); monogamy (log, morpheme, theism, graph, plane, poly) bigamy (ennial/annual); dialog (meric, phthong, oxygen) tripod (o, mester, jet/dent, nity, lingual) multinational (pole, shift); polysemy (gamy, gon, valent, center, uria, thene) trilingual, bilingual, American?

36 centimeter (grade, pede, tury) kilogram
Chap 4 Number prefixes 2 centimeter (grade, pede, tury) kilogram millimeter (liter, ennium, microsecond) quartette; pentagon, quinquennial; hexameter, sextet; September; octavo; nonagon; decimal

37 Chap 4 Conversion prefixes
awake (foot, fire, float, bed, ware, like, board, glaze) befool (madam, witch, ware, calm, devil) encage (cash, bank, circle, joy, kindle, shroud, roll, brace, slave, throne, force, lighten)

38 Chap 4 Miscellaneous prefixes
neolithic (classic) autonym (nomy, alarm, maker, cide); self-denial (service meal, buffet) pan-American (orama, ocea, SISU?) prototype (word, language, history, virus) vice-dean (associate/assistant prof, a mayor, deputy minister, sub-manager, assistant secretary, under-secretary, deputy-assistant) bio-chem; eco-cide; e-friend; cyber-time perennial

39 Chap 4 Suffixes v. + -er 等= n. n. + 其它 v. + 其它 其它 + 其它 其它
n. + -er等 = n. v. + -er 等= n. n. + 其它 v. + 其它 其它 + 其它 其它

40 Chap 4 -er bedder, N.Y.-er, Chongqinger, villager, old-timer, officer, jobber, double-decker, pre-schooler, fiver, porker, liner, 1st-timer, footer, back-hander, trafficker, soccer, partner, toddler, lawyer, netter, 3-pointer, wheeler, X-er, SISUer, finger, weather, matter, shower; sampler, stapler, healer, mere-sayer of --, singer, free-lancer, server/ant, informer/ant, helper, watcher, cooker, sucker, eye-opener

41 Chap 4 -er (continued) West-Pointer, cottager, bowler, golfer, second-grader, f-/b-baller, foreigner; thriller, silencer/muffler, shutter, drawer, sawyer, fucker, feeler, diner, speaker, layer, window-shopper, face-lifter, second-guesser, woman-hunter, lady-killer, sit-inner, stay-a-whiler; poker, Webster, shower, upper, supper

42 weaponeer, rocketeer, routineer, pamphleteer;
Chap 4 -er vs others weaponeer, rocketeer, routineer, pamphleteer; youngster, rhymester/er/ist, receiver/ist; author, doctor, actor, survivor, elevator, educator, monitor, sector, liberator, sailor, tailor, translator, professor, sensor; beggar, scholar, liar; pedlar/er, interpreter, observer;

43 and Informer/informant, servant/server;
Rhymer/rhymist; feminist, sexist, racist; Evacuee, refugee, payee, interviewee, nominee, referee, addressee(*seeee, *layee,), committee, fiancée, divorcee (*deceasee), retiree, absentee;

44 女英雄，女生，女大学生，女朋友，女医生，母猫
Chap 4 -ess vs “female” actress, poetess, princess, tigress, manageress, authoress, ?stewardess 女英雄，女生，女大学生，女朋友，女医生，母猫

45 duckling, professorling, underling; superette, undergraduatette
Chap 4 “小” piglet, islet, pamphlet, flatlet, playlet; duckling, professorling, underling; superette, undergraduatette

46 Other suffixes Cognates:
Link/linkage; waste/wastage; drainage; leakage*ing; -ry: 1. Rivalry; 2. forestry ; cookery 3. peasantry/officialdom; membership/adulthood/adultery;//neighborhood Apply(ance/ation); Denial, rehearsal, arrival; original, influential, presidential, governmental; Clearness/clarity; activeness/productivity; Real (ity, *ness, ty, tor, ize, ism, ist, istic); Differ(n., -ence, ential, entiate);

47 and Erroneous, cautious, courteous; mountainous/hilly;
Bushy, woody (wooded), hairy, fiery, pushy, picky, jerky, goofy, funky, handy (hanky, dolly, goody); -iness; -lessness;

48 and Sustainable, feasible, visible (ity);
Scandalize, commercialize, advertise(ment), publicize (ity), computerize(ation), disable(ment)(ity); Beautify/uglify, electrify, simplify, diversify; (Amplify), broaden (widen, enlarge(ment)) (ing), soften, lighten (lighter, lightning, enlighten(ment)); Stimulate, evaporate, automate, 解放;

49 Suffix review Cognates: rhyme/receive; sex; leak; clear; real; apply; exhaust; publi- 女权主义者；裁判；离婚者；未婚妻；委员会； 排练；有影响的；政府的； Nouns: Active; productive; -ful/less/y; 成熟的； 多山的；话多的；无价的；可行的；可见的；可持续的；小心的； 丑化；电（脑）化；固/气/汽/液化；自动化；多样化；硬/软化；拴牢；扩/放大；解放；区分；致残/聋；消音；激活/化；成熟；名词化？

50 Chap 4 N Compounding n + n = n: 1. 地点；2. 时间；3. 所属；4.目的； 5. 方式；6. 比拟；7. 主宾；8. 主谓；9. 动宾； morning post, weekend news, field work, seat/safety (safe) belt, laptop, kitchen knife, doorknob, bottleneck, moonlight, snake egg, school bus, egghead, steam engine, air-/hand-brake, steel plant, gas/spot light, industry/government management, industrial production, haircut, book review, birth-control/family-planning, self-defense, sunflower, frogman, dragonfly;

51 continued (主谓；动宾） sunset, youthquake, heartbeat, toothpick, lipstick, pickpocket, call girl, watch dog, knitwear, turntable, searchlight, flash light, new-wed, Bushspeak, Clitonspeak; （定名） cross-talk, funny man, long leg (left-hander), gray-collar, blue beret, red cap, first husband, reverse discrimination, reverse harassment;

52 continued sleeping pill/bag/car/dog, walking stick; sun-bathing, word building, back swimming, handwriting, house-warming; dish-washer, gun-bearer, beauty-hunter; be-in, gay-in, teach-in, call in, kick-back, kick-off, pile-up, carry-on, carry-away, take-out, pickup, crackdown, blackout, makeup, haven’t; win-win, see-saw, walkie-lookie, hit-or-miss, hit-and-run, wash-and-wear, wait-see, hip hop, tick-tock; ha-ha-ha, touch-me-not, forget-me-not, God-knows-what, whatyacalit, Mr Gobbledgook; ?antiestablishmentarianism;

53 Chap 4 A Compounding man-eating/-eaten, face-lifting, mouth-watering, far-reaching, good-looking; order-/custom-made, hand-made, home-made, new-born, sun-struck, far-fetched, hard-won, well-meant, poverty-stricken, quake-hit; home-sick, customer-friendly, pitch black, bee-busy, care/tax-free, class-conscious, Sino-Jap; long-term, apple-pie, first-hand, ten-minute, 24-hour/round-the-clock, 3-legged, good-willed, warm-hearted, under-the-weather, middle-of-the-road; face-to-face, hand-in-hand, mouth-to-mouth, shoulder-by-shoulder;

54 Chap 4 复合(汉译英） 方便面，火锅，保健食品，笔记本电脑，救生衣，墨镜，隐形眼镜，家用电器，速记，速冻，空运，人造，转基因食品，禽流感，高血压，中暑，高压锅，综艺节目，边缘科学，差生，选修课， 素质教育，义务教育，对口支援，环境友好型，科技含量高，教徒，红娘，黄粱美梦，白日梦，梦话，梦游，划时代的，期盼已久的，外贸，外办，留学生，畅通工程，二环路，和平共处，春蕾计划，城市规划，差额选举，小康社会，保税区，保值储蓄，社会保障，搬迁户，按揭贷款，轻轨/快轨，红绿灯，不可再生资源，不良贷款，第三产业，粗放式管理，大专，彻头彻尾，职场，待业，二次创业，倒计时，电视直销，传销，吊销执照，豆腐渣工程，法轮功

55 Reference translation
Instant noodles，hot pot, health-care food, notebook, life jacket, dark/sun glasses, contact lens, home appliances, short-hand, quick-frozen, air-borne, man-made, genetically-modified food, bird flu, high blood pressure, sunstroke, high-pressure cooker, variety show, boundary science, slow student, optional/selective course, qual-edu, compulsory edu, one-to-one support, environment-friendly, hi-tech-intensive, church-goer, go-between/match-maker, fond dream, day dream, sleep talk, sleep walk

56 continued epoch-making, long-awaited, int’l trade, foreign affairs office, int’l student, smooth project, 2nd Ring Road, peaceful co-existence, Spring Buds Program, urban planning, competitive election, well-off society, low-tax, tariff-free zone/bonded area, inflation-proof bank savings, social security, re-located household, mortgage loan, E.T., traffic lights, non-renewable resources, non-performing loan, tertiary industry/service sector, extensive management, junior college, out-and-out, work field/job market, job-awaiting, start a new undertaking, countdown, TV home shopping, multi-level marketing/pyramid-selling, revoke license, jerry-built project, Falun Gong Cult

57 Chap 4 Conversion to nouns to verbs to adjectives to others

58 eg of conversion Top and tail the turnip; belt/seat/cap/bandage/mask(unmask) sb; Code? (encode/decode) ; head? QQ/ACD sth/sb; on the move/go; have the say; survey/contact/加油(v./ n.); face-to-face (converted/compounded?); 有何区别(converted); 2份辣的；看得清楚(see clear)；牙齿咬；偷盗;

59 Shortening(缩短词)

60 Chap 4 blending (拼缀词) Octoburst, blog, vlog, botel, lumper, spork, slurb, stag/slumpflation, psy-war, confriction, sci-fi, hi-fi, po-sci, Interpol, phys-ed, slanguage, Chinglish/Japlish, lansign, Chindia, Amslan, Amway, Amtrak, advertistics, slimnastics, youthquake, vegiburger, Californiaburger, bio-chem, eco-cide, geo-politics, astropolicy, Oxbridge, women’s lib

61 continued Iran-gate, Zipper-gate, Whitewater-gate, information-gate, agent-gate; planimal, edutainment, informercial, sheeple, trimester, net/workaholic, medicaid, sex mag, Mangazine, auto-maker, Arfiam, Michiana, Bushomics, , b-ball, La-Z-boy, E-Z-lern, Savmor, Quash, Wal-mart

62 Chap 4 Clipping 截短词 biz, scope, the net, jet, specs, heli, info, expo, ad, gas, vet, porn, lube, lit, lib, Jap, intercom, telecom, ref, vegi, photo, undies, grad, prof, pro, prob, doc, sis, hubby, de, tec, cop, pacifist, champ, chimp, kilo, tri, super, mike, funky, aggro, euro, global, perk, deli, Afro, sike, pre-fab, co-op, 3-D, 3-H, 3 C’s/P’s/L’s, Jim/G, Cathy, dialog, progam, color, rite, lite, tuf, hi-rise, Co. Inc., weve, cant, Mr. y ur, h&, 4/ 2 u, wai/w8, good ser, cos;

63 Chap 4 Initialism VOC, NPR, NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN, NHK, CRI, CQTV?; VP(veep), RV, O.K., gmf, msg, ceo, mne, gf, bf, un/uw, CPU, HKSAR, BOCOG, ASEAN, OPEC, APEC, SCO, TA, P.E., P.S. ASL, NETTYOS, G-X, G20, SST-er, PCness, SARS, A/H1N1, ID(5 m), W.C., B-B-Q, WASP, EU, ESP, TESL, TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, GRE, SAT, 3 L, LAPD, GB, PRC, MP/PM, MA, Ph.D, WHO, WTO, SISU, DOD, FBI, CIA, IRS, GE/GM, IBM, At&T, UPS, NBA(CBA, CUBA)/MBA(3 m)/MPA, UFO(2 m), E.T., YMCA, Marlboro, IOU, ICU, ICQ, QQ, ACD, USB, MP4, sms, WWW/WWF (2 m), cf, btw, asap, brb, f2f, LTTG/LOL, YYUR, ty/3ku.3ks, mm, 886, HSK, tmd, 3166,

64 Chap 5 Meaning study Definition: sense词义 reference所指 + concept 概念
Motivation: 理据 像声、构词、语义、词源理据 Types / components: gram. + lexi. denote.字面 + asso. 联想附加 (connot感情、stylis文体、collocat搭配) Sememes: 义素

65 Chap 6 Sense relations 1 Polysemy: diachronic历时/synchronic 共时
radiation辐射/concatenation连锁 Homonymy: perfect/homograph/homophone sources: self-changes/borrowing/shortening

66 Chap 6 Sense relations 1 (contin)
Polysemy or Homonymy? etymological, semantic relatedness, different entries rhetorical features: humor, pun: holy jeans // bare skin// get rid of them

67 Chap 6 Sense relations 2 Synonymy: relative/near-synonyms sources: borrowing/dialect/figurative/idiom differences: denotational/stylistic/ affective/collocational: 河，吃惊，可能，扩大

68 contrary相对性 complementary互补性 converse换位 characteristics:
Chap 6 Sense relations 3 Antonymy: contrary相对性 complementary互补性 converse换位 characteristics: rhetorical use

69 Chap 6 Sense relations 4 Hyponymy: Semantic field:

70 Chap 7 Meaning change (1) Change for sure any language; English; morphology; vocabulary; phonetic/graphic

71 Chap 7 Meaning change (2) Types: A. extension vs narrowing
B. elevation vs degradation C. transference: associated abstractconcrete subjective objective synesthesia D. euphemism

72 Chap 7 Meaning change (3) Mechanism similarity/contact betw shape/content Causes socio-/extra-linguistic: historical; cognitive/mental linguistic: shortening; competing

73 Chap 8 Meaning & context Types of context: extra-linguistic linguistic Functions of context: to eliminate ambiguity to indicate referents to provide clues for meaning guess

74 set phrase: fixed//word group maybe slang or compounds semantic unity
Chap 9 Idioms (1) Definition: set phrase: fixed//word group maybe slang or compounds semantic unity structural stability Types: noun, verb, adj., adv., proverb

75 Chap 9 Idioms (2) Features: colloquial/slangy rhetorical:
phonetic: alliteration; rhyme lexical: reiteration; repetition; juxtaposition semantic: simile; metaphor; metonymy; synecdoche; personification; euphemism

76 Changed idioms: replacement addition/deletion position-shifting
Chap 9 Idioms (3) Changed idioms: replacement addition/deletion position-shifting shortening dismembering

77 Chap 10 Dictionaries Types Uses

78 Ways to enlarge your vocabulary: schema lexical phrase discourse
Chap 11 Vocab learning Ways to enlarge your vocabulary: schema lexical phrase discourse

79 Thank you for your patient participation! This is VOC.