高 雄 榮 民 總 醫 院 子宮頸癌診療原則 婦癌醫療團隊擬訂 注意事項：這個診療原則主要作為醫師和其他保健專家診療癌症病人參

Presentation on theme: "高 雄 榮 民 總 醫 院 子宮頸癌診療原則 婦癌醫療團隊擬訂 注意事項：這個診療原則主要作為醫師和其他保健專家診療癌症病人參"— Presentation transcript:

1 高 雄 榮 民 總 醫 院 子宮頸癌診療原則 婦癌醫療團隊擬訂 注意事項：這個診療原則主要作為醫師和其他保健專家診療癌症病人參
2015年11月26日第一版 婦癌醫療團隊擬訂 注意事項：這個診療原則主要作為醫師和其他保健專家診療癌症病人參 考之用。假如你是一個癌症病人，直接引用這個診療原則並 不恰當，只有你的醫師才能決定給你最恰當的治療。

2 修訂指引 本共識依下列參考資料修改版本 NCCN Clinical Practical Guidelines in Oncology TM Cervical Cancer (V.II. 2015)(1) 婦癌研究委員會(2011)，子宮頸癌篩檢臨床指引與子宮頸癌臨床指引：國家衛生研究院(2-3) 其他相關子宮頸癌臨床指引(4-10)

3 會議討論日期 上次會議：20141118 本共識與上一版的差異
局部晚期子宮頸癌施行同步化放療(CCRT)後，仍有殘存腫瘤者，增加局部熱頻燒灼治療(RFA)選項。 多處轉移病灶或無法切除者，增加Tamoxifen、Letrozole口服治療選項( TGOG 1005 ) 。

4 高雄榮總婦癌團隊 子宮頸原位癌臨床治療指引
3-6個月再行一次抹片檢查或/及陰道鏡檢或 6-12個月行人類乳突病毒檢查 標本邊緣無病變 子宮頸原位癌 (CIS, AIS)行子宮頸錐形切片後 無生育考量 全子宮切除 標本邊緣有病變 3-6個月再行一次抹片檢查或/及陰道鏡檢或 6-12個月行人類乳突病毒檢查，若有臨床需要，可再行子宮頸錐狀切除 欲保留子宮

5 高雄榮總婦癌團隊 子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 子宮頸癌治療流程 輔助治療
高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 子宮頸癌治療流程 治療前檢查：1.病史及理學檢查；2.全血球計數；3.子宮頸切片之組織病理檢查；4.子宮頸錐狀手術+子宮頸管搔刮術(當子宮頸切片之組織病理檢查結果為微侵襲癌者)；5.胸部X光；6.分期高於IA者，安排腹部及骨盆電腦斷層或核磁共振 (52)；7.常規生化檢驗; 8. 血清腫瘤標記檢驗(鱗狀細胞癌者:SCC、CEA；腺癌者:CEA、CA─125,CA-199) 選擇性檢查：#分期為IB2或以上者，膀胱或直腸鏡檢；#葡萄糖正子攝影 輔助治療 1.欲保留生育能力者或不適合手術者，於子宮頸錐狀手術後 密集追蹤觀 察, 若LVSI(+), 可比照IA2處理 (11-13, level 3a) 2. 筋膜外子宮切除（無生育考量或錐形切片呈現切緣侵犯或組織切片呈現顯微血管淋巴間隙侵犯） FIGO分期IA1 I Figure 1 無淋巴結轉移，無陰道切除邊緣侵襲，無子宮旁組織侵襲或Figure 2危險因子僅一項者 觀察 1.較小範圍根治性子宮切除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，或併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣(選擇性 , 尚無定論)觀察 (14-15) 3. 欲保留生育能力者可行根治性子宮頸切除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術 FIGO分期IA2 手術標本組織病理檢查 II Figure 2 血管淋巴侵犯者或腫瘤大於四公分或基質侵犯>1/3. (任2項或以上)(50) FIGO分期IB1或IIA1 1.根治性子宮切除術＊及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，或合併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣 3. IB1, 腫瘤小於2公分,欲保留生育能力者可行根治性子宮頸切除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術 1.根治性子宮切除術＊及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，合併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣 or RH) (16-21, level Ib) 3.術前輔助性化學治療及根治性子宮切除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，合併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣(22-26,46) 註一 FIGO分期IB2或IIA2 註二 III Figure 3淋巴結轉移或陰道切除邊緣侵襲或子宮旁組織侵襲或任一項或以上） 化學治療＃（38,44） 1.骨盆腔臟器宛除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，合併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣 3.術前輔助性化學治療及骨盆腔臟器宛除術及骨盆淋巴結摘除術，合併主動脈旁淋巴結取樣(22-26,46) 註二 FIGO分期IVA IV Figure 4神經內分泌細胞癌 ＊:含神經保留式根治性子宮切除術（nerve sparing radical hysterectomy）; 放射治療、近接治療或同步化放療請見放射腫瘤部治療指引 圖一

6 高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 FIGO分期IIB-IVA(局部晚期)子宮頸癌，或不適合施行根治性子宮切除手術之IB 、IIA治療流程 2.同步化放療時使用含cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly x 6 courses （或配合放療療程）之化療或臨床試驗 影像檢查無淋巴結病變 (29-30) 1.FIGO分期IB2，IIA2(腫瘤> 4cm,身體狀況不適合接受根治性子宮切除手術者) 2.FIGO分期IIB-IVA 選擇個案 骨盆淋巴結轉移/無主動脈旁淋巴結轉移 全身性化學治療（見表一）或局部熱頻燒灼治療(RFA) 影像檢查呈淋巴結病變 影像檢查：骨盆及腹部電腦斷層或核磁共振檢查或正子檢查 (36) 選擇個案 (29-30) 主動脈旁淋巴結轉移 胸部電腦斷層或正子檢查 胸部電腦斷層或正子檢查無轉移病灶 骨盆外疾病 切片呈陰性 胸部電腦斷層呈轉移病灶或經正子檢查確認併其他遠端轉移 見圖三（FIGO分期IVB）處理流程 切片呈陽性 @ : 放射治療或同步化放療及併主動脈旁淋巴結放射治療請見放射腫瘤部治療指引 : 仍有residual tumor 圖二

7 高雄榮總婦癌團隊 子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 FIGO分期IVB(遠端轉移)子宮頸癌治療流程 1.以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一）
高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 FIGO分期IVB(遠端轉移)子宮頸癌治療流程 1.以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一） 2. 緩解/支持性治療 3.臨床試驗(Tamoxifen.Letrozole TGOG 1005) 多處轉移病灶或無法切除者 FIGO分期IVB 2.局部切除轉移病灶或加上以鉑(Platinum)為 主之化療（見表一） 4.以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一） 5.緩解/支持性治療 6.臨床試驗 可切除轉移病灶者 圖三

8 高雄榮總婦癌團隊 子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 子宮頸癌治療後追蹤及復發的處置 定期追蹤方法 進一步檢查 救援性(Salvage)治療
高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 子宮頸癌治療後追蹤及復發的處置 定期追蹤方法 進一步檢查 救援性(Salvage)治療 1.骨盆放射線治療或併化學治療 2.侷限於小範圍的復發性病灶，可考慮手術治 療（包括局部腫瘤切除或骨盆臟器宛除術） 術後輔助以骨盆放射線治療或併化學治療（見表一） 1.理學檢查 2.抹片檢查：治療後兩年內每三個月一次，第三年每四~六個月一次，第四至五年每六個月一次，以後每年一次 3.腫瘤標記(鱗狀細胞癌者:SCC、CEA；腺癌者:CEA、CA─125、CA-199) 4.全血(CBC)及腎功能(BUN、Cr)檢驗，有必要時可每六個月檢驗一次 5.胸部X光檢查每年一次及電腦斷層檢查，有必要時可每年安排檢查一次 未接受過放射治療者 1.骨盆及腹部電腦 斷層檢查 2.胸部X光檢查(若為陰性，仍高度懷疑胸部轉移則考慮胸部電腦斷層檢查) 3.若有病灶， 技術可行下，考慮直接切片或超音波或電腦斷層導引下切片 4.安排正子掃描 (31-35) 5. 有必要時可以施行手術探查 僅骨盆腔內復發 復發病灶未達骨盆壁者： 1.骨盆腔臟器宛除術或加術後化學治療（見表 一） 2.如病灶僅侷限於子宮頸，可施行根治性子宮切除術或加術後化學治療（見表 一） 已接受過放射治療者 復發病灶已達骨盆壁者： 以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一）或緩解/支持性治療或臨床試驗 懷疑持續性或復發性疾病 1.以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一） 2.緩解/支持性治療 3.臨床試驗 多處病灶或無法切除者 骨盆腔外復發 1.局部病灶切除轉移病灶或加上放射線治療或以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一） 3.以鉑(Platinum)為主之化療（見表一） 4..緩解/支持性治療 5.臨床試驗 可切除病灶者者 @ : 放射治療或同步化放療請見放射腫瘤部治療指引 圖四

9 @: 放射治療或同步化放療請見放射腫瘤部治療指引
高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引 輔助治療 單純子宮全切除後意外發現侵襲性癌症 無淋巴結轉移，無陰道切除邊緣侵襲，無子宮旁組織侵襲或以下方塊危險因子僅一項者 追加治療 觀察 子宮頸旁組織全切除及部分陰道切除(complete parametrectomy)及骨盆淋巴結摘除或併主動脈旁淋巴結摘除 手術標本組織病理檢查 血管淋巴侵犯者或腫瘤大於四公分或基質侵犯>1/3. (任2項或以上)(50) 組織病理分期≧ IA2 註一 淋巴結轉移或陰道切除邊緣侵襲或子宮旁組織侵襲（任1項或以上） 註二 @放射線治療 (組織邊緣無侵犯且影像檢查陰性 )或同步化放療(組織邊緣侵犯陰道端明顯殘留腫瘤或影像檢查陽性)或化療(神經內分泌細胞癌) 化學治療 註二 神經內分泌細胞癌 組織病理分期IA1 病理審閱後,如無血管淋巴侵犯可觀察 病理審閱後,如有血管淋巴侵犯, 要安排影像學檢查, 診療方式與組織病理分期≧ IA2者相同 ＃:請見表一；註一：病患年紀太大或合併多重內科疾病者；註二：年輕女性考慮避免性功能障礙者或接受過放射線治療者； @: 放射治療或同步化放療請見放射腫瘤部治療指引 圖五

10 高雄榮總婦癌團隊 子宮頸癌臨床治療指引-化學治療或同步化學與放射治療
高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引-化學治療或同步化學與放射治療 術前新輔助化學治療：以 platinum-based 為原則，可使用以下的選擇 1.IP (ifosfamide 4 gm/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 3~6 cycles) (48,49) 2.Irinotecan 60mg/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 28 days x 3~6 cycles (optional )(43,47) 3.Clinical trials 手術後輔助化學治療：以 platinum-based 為原則，可使用以下的選擇 1.IP (ifosfamide 4 gm/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles) (38,45,49) 2.Clinical trials 神經內分泌癌手術後輔助化學治療或化放療以 platinum-based 為原則可使用以下的選擇 1.VP-16/cyclophosphamide/platinum (VP mg/m2+cyclophosphamide 500mg/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles) (53,54) 2.VP-16/platinum (VP mg/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles)(53,54) 第IV期B,持續性疾病 (persistent disease)復發或轉移性疾病 (recurrent or metastatic disease)之全身性化學治療以 platinum-based 為主的治療為原則可使用以下的選擇 1.Topotecan 0.75mg/m2 x 3 days+ cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles (GOG 179, level Ib) (42) ± Bevacizumab 7.5~15 mg/kg 2.IP (ifosfamide 4gm/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles)(GOG 110, level Ib) 3.Paclitaxel 175mg/m2+ cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 21 days x 6 cycles)(optional) (GOG 169, GOG 204, level Ib) (51) ) ± Bevacizumab 7.5~15 mg/kg (GOG 240) (55) 4.Irinotecan/platinum (Irinotecan 60mg/m2+cisplatin 50mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC=5 every 28 days x 6 cycles ) (optional) (43,47) 5.Clinical trials 同步化放療時使用含cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly x6 cycles 之化療或臨床試驗藥物(29)

11 高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引-化學治療或同步化學與放射治療
1. CCRT-CISPLATIN(40MG/M2) 2. CCRT-WEEKLY CISPLATIN(40MG/M2) GEMCITABINE(120MG/M2) 3 P(CARBOPLATIN(AUC=5))+VP-16(100MG/M2)-CCR. < 60ML/MIN 4. P(CISPLATIN (50MG/M2))+VP-16(100MG/M2)-CCR. > 60ML / MIN 5. P(CARBOPLATIN(ACU=5))C(CYCLOPHASPHAMIDE (500MG/M2))+VP-16(100MG/M2)-CCR. <60ML/MIN 6. P(CISPLATIN(50MG/M2)) C+VP-16-CCR. >60ML/MIN 7. 1ST LINE. I(IFOSFAMIDE+MESNA(4GM/M2)) P(CARBOPLATIN(AUC=5))-CCR.< 60ML/MIN 8. 1ST LINE. IP(CISPLATIN(50MG/M2))-CCR.> 60ML/MIN 9. 2ND LINE GEMCITABINE(1000MG/M2)+ CARBOPLATIN (AUC=5)-CCR<60 (D1)

12 高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引-化學治療或同步化學與放射治療
10. 2ND LINE. GEMCITABINE(1000MG/M2) -CCR<60 (D8) 11. 2ND LINE GEMCITABINE(1000MG/M2) + CISPLATIN (50MG/M2) -CCR>=60 (D1) 12. 2ND LINE GEMCITABINE(1000MG/M2)-CCR>=60 (D8) 13. 2ND LINE. IRINOTECAN(PAYSELF) (60MG/M2) +CARBOPLATIN(AUC=5) (D1) 14. 2ND LINE. IRINOTECAN(PAYSELF)(60MG/M2)+ CISPLATIN (50MG/M2) (D1) 15. 2ND LINE. IRINOTECAN(PAYSELF)(60MG/M2)-D8 OR D ND LINE. TAXOL (PAYSELF)(175MG/M2)+ CARBOPLATIN (AUC=5)-CCR.< 60ML/MIN 17. 2ND LINE. TAXOL (PAYSELF) (175MG/M2) +CISPLATIN (50MG/M2)-CCR.> 60ML/MIN 18. 2ND LINE. TOPOTECAN(0.75MG/M2) +CARBOPLATIN (AUC=5)-CCR.< 60ML/MIN

13 高雄榮總婦癌團隊　子宮頸癌臨床治療指引-化學治療或同步化學與放射治療
19. 2ND LINE. TOPOTECAN (0.75MG/M2) +CISPLATIN (50MG/M2)-CCR.> 60ML/MIN 20. 3RD LINE. WEEKLY TAXOL(80MG/M2) +CISPLATIN(20MG/M2) (D1 OR D8 OR D15) 21. AVASTIN (PAYSELF)(5MG/KG) 22. TAMOXIFEN

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15 References 15.WB Jones, GO Mercer, JL Lewis, SC Rubin and WJ Hoskins, Early invasive carcinoma of the cervix, Gynecol Oncol 51 (1993), pp. 26–32. (Cervical cancer stage IA2) 16.Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, et al. Randomized study of radical surgery vs. radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer. Lancet 1997;350: (RH vs R/T) 17.Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340: (CCRT + Hysterectomy vs R/T + hysterectomy, IB2) 18.Rose PG, M.D., Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. Concurrent Cisplatin-Based Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: (Cisplatin based CCRT for locally advanced Cx Ca) 19.Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340: (Primary CCRT for locally advanced ) 20.Frederick B. Stehman, Shamshad Ali, Henry M. Keys et al, Radiation therapy with or without weekly cisplatin for bulky stage 1B cervical carcinoma: follow-up of a Gynecologic Oncology Group trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 197, Issue 5, November 2007, Pages 503.e1-503.e6 ( CCRT + hysterectomy vs RT +hysterectomy) 21.Henry M. Keys, Brian N. Bundy, Frederick B. Stehman et al, Radiation therapy with and without extrafascial hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma: a randomized trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Gynecologic Oncology, Volume 89, Issue 3, June 2003, Pages ( R/T + hysterectomy vs RT alone) 22.Pierluigi Benedetti-Panici, Stefano Greggi, Alessandro Colombo et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Surgery Versus Exclusive Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer: Results From the Italian Multicenter Randomized Study. JCO Jan : (Neoadjuvant C/T + RH vs Pelvic RT in Locally advanced)

16 References 23.Ting-Chang Chang, Chyong-Huey Lai, Ji-Hong Hong et al. Randomized trial of neoadjuvant cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin, and radical hysterectomy versus radiation therapy for bulky stage IB and IIA cervical cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 18, Issue 8 (April), 2000: (Neoadjuvant C/T + RH vs Pelvic RT in Locally advanced) 24.Sardi J, Sananes C, Giaroli A et al. Results of a prospective randomized trial with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage IB, bulky, squamous carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol May;49(2):156-65 (Neoadjuvant C/T + RH) 25.Juan E. Sardi, Adolfo Giaroli, Carlos Sananes et al. Long-Term Follow-up of the First Randomized Trial Using Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage Ib Squamous Carcinoma of the Cervix: The Final Results. Gynecologic Oncology, Volume 67, Issue 1, October 1997, Pages (Neoadjuvant C/T + RH這篇文章覺得加上NACT是有比較好) 26.Gary L. Eddy, Brian N. Bundy, William T. Creasman et al. Treatment of (“bulky”) stage IB cervical cancer with or without neoadjuvant vincristine and cisplatin prior to radical hysterectomy and pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomy: A phase III trial of the gynecologic oncology group. Gynecologic Oncology, Volume 106, Issue 2, August 2007, Pages (Neoadjuvant C/T + RH vs RH 這篇文章覺得加上NACT沒有比較好) 27.Cosin JA, Fowler JM, Chen MD et al. Pretreatment surgical staging of patients with cervical carcinoma: the case for lymph node debulking. Cancer Jun 1;82(11):2241-8 (先拿LN做Surgical staging對於locally advanced Cx Ca 的預後 有 幫助的文章, n = 266) 28.Lai CH, Huang KG, Hong JH, et al. Randomized trial of surgical staging (extraperitoneal or laparoscopic) versus clinical staging in locally advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol Apr;89(1):160-7. (先拿LN做Surgical staging對於locally advanced Cx Ca 的預後 沒有 幫助的文章, n = 61, RCT) 29.Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY, Barrett RJ 2nd, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol 2000;18: (RH 手術後加做CCRT的文章)

17 References 30.Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman MZ et al. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol May;73(2):177-83 (RH 手術後加做CCRT的文章) 31.Perry W. Grigsby. 4th International Cervical Cancer Conference: update on PET and cervical cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, Volume 99, Issue 3, Supplement 1, December 2005, Pages S173-S175 (PET對於子宮頸癌診斷的幫忙) 32.Rose PG, Adler LP, Rodriguez M et al. Positron emission tomography for evaluating para-aortic nodal metastasis in locally advanced cervical cancer before surgical staging: a surgicopathologic study. J Clin Oncol Jan;17(1):41-5 (PET對於Para-aortic LN mets的術前診斷的幫忙) 33.Chou HH, Chang TC, Yen TC et al. Low value of [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in primary staging of early-stage cervical cancer before radical hysterectomy. J Clin Oncol Jan 1;24(1):123-8 (PET對於子宮頸癌術前診斷 沒有幫忙) 34.Boughanim M, Leboulleux S, Rey A et al. Histologic results of para-aortic lymphadenectomy in patients treated for stage IB2/II cervical cancer with negative [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in the para-aortic area. J Clin Oncol May 20;26(15): (PET對於Para-aortic LN mets的術前診斷到底有沒有幫忙) 35.Chao A, Ho KC, Wang CC et al. Positron emission tomography in evaluating the feasibility of curative intent in cervical cancer patients with limited distant lymph node metastases. Gynecol Oncol May 20. [Epub ahead of print] (PET對於LN mets的術前診斷以及預後 到底有沒有幫忙) 36.Mayr NA, Taoka T, Yuh WT et al. Method and timing of tumor volume measurement for outcome prediction in cervical cancer using magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys Jan 1;52(1):14-22. (MRI對於子宮頸癌診斷的幫忙) 37.Ohara K, Tsunoda H, Satoh T et al. Use of the small pelvic field instead of the classic whole pelvic field in postoperative radiotherapy for cervical cancer: reduction of adverse events. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys Sep 1;60(1):258-64 (縮小放射線照射範圍，相較於全骨盆照射，是否可減低副作用) 38.Nobuhiro Takeshima, Kenji Umayahara, Kiyoshi Fujiwara et al. Treatment results of adjuvant chemotherapy after radical hysterectomy for intermediate- and high-risk stage IB–IIA cervical cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, Volume 103, Issue 2, November 2006, Pages (術後化學治療對於子宮頸癌的高危險族群是否有幫助)

18 References 39.GOG 110 : Omura GA, Blessing JA, Vaccarella L, et al: Randomized trial of cisplatin versus cisplatin plus mitolactol versus cisplatin plus ifosfamide in advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 15: , 1997 40.GOG 149 : Buxton E, Meanwell C, Hilton C, et al: Combination bleomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin chemotherapy in cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: , 1989 41.GOG 169 : Moore DH, Blessing JA, McQuellon RP, et al: Phase III study of cisplatin with or without paclitaxel in Stage IVB, recurrent or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 22: , 2004 42.GOG 179 : Fiorica J, Holloway R, Ndubisi B, et al: Phase II trial of topotecan and cisplatin in persistent or recurrent squamous and nonsquamous carcinomas of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 85:89-94, 2002 43.T Sugiyama, T Nishida, S Kumagai, et al. Combination therapy with irinotecan and cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;81(1): 95–98. 44.Lee KB, Lee JM, Ki KD et al. Comparison of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation in patients with intermediate risk factors after radical surgery in FIGO stage IB-IIA cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer Sep-Oct;18(5): 45.Rosa DD, Medeiros LR, Edelweiss MI, et al. Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for early stage cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jul 8;(3):CD005342 46.Rydzewska L, Tierney J, Vale CL et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery for cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jan 20;(1):CD 47.Matsumura M, Takeshima N, Ota T et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical hysterectomy plus postoperative chemotherapy but no radiotherapy for Stage IB2-IIB cervical cancer-Irinotecan and platinum chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print] 48.Buda A, Dell'Anna T, Signorelli M, et al. Role of ifosfamide in cervical cancer: an overview, Oncology. 2003;65 Suppl 2:63-6. 49.Kumar JV, Doval DC, Rao R, Rawal S.et al. A retrospective study of patients with locally advanced cancer of the cervix treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery. Int J Gynecol Cancer Apr;19(3):

19 References 50. Alexander Sedlis,Brian N. Bundy, Marvin Z. Rotman, et al A Randomized Trial of Pelvic Radiation Therapy versus No Further Therapy in Selected Patients with Stage IB Carcinoma of the Cervix after Radical Hysterectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecologic Oncology 73; 177–183, 1999 51. Bradley J. Monk, Michael W. Sill, D. Scott McMeekin , et al Phase III Trial of Four Cisplatin-Containing Doublet Combinations in Stage IVB, Recurrent, or Persistent Cervical Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 27: , 2009 52. Haie-Meder C, Morice P, Castiglione M; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Cervical cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol May;21 Suppl 5:v No abstract available. 53. McCann GA, Boutsicaris CE, Preston MM, ed al Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: the role of multimodality therapy in early-stage disease. Gynecologic Oncology 129(1):135-9, 2013 54. Cohen JG, Kapp DS, Shin JY , et al Small cell carcinoma of the cervix: treatment and survival outcomes of 188 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203(4):347.e1-6, 2010 55. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ 3rd, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):734–743. •• Pivotal phase III trial that demonstrated an improvement in OS by adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy in patients with persistent, recurrent, and metastatic cervical cancer, with subsequent FDA approval for these patients.