Reading Skills 2009/11/10.

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1 Reading Skills 2009/11/10

2 five skills in fast English reading
surveying, skimming, scanning, surmising and studying, 5S 技巧，即浏览(Surveying)、略读(Skimming) 、寻读(Scanning)、猜读(Surmising)和研读(Studying

3 Reading strategies skimming for main ideas and guessing the meaning of unknown words 区分主要和细节内容、根据上下文猜测生词的含义、在快速阅读中抓住中心思想

4 Common reading skills intensive reading, evaluative reading, browsing, skimming, silent reading, fast reading, questionable reading and consultative reading, etc. 普通阅读技能主要有：精读、评读、略读、浏览、默读、速读、问读、查读等

5 Some reading skills making global inferences, making lexical inferences, skimming and scanning 预测、推理文章内容、猜测文中生词的大意、略读、跳读 selective and restraining actions for certain purposes 阅读者为达到预期目的而采取的有选择性和控制性的行为

6 four reading skills Skimming Scanning Perusing Critical reading
略读、寻读、细读和批评性阅读

7 Fast Reading Techniques
Fast reading techniques help you to browse text and extract the key points. The skills require practice, but once you have got the hang of them you’ll find you can get through a substantial amount of reading in quite a short time. Scanning – a useful first step before reading more deeply. Skimming – handy when you're looking for particular things within a text, or trying to find out whether a text will be useful.

8 some useful techniques and suggestions
predication,skimming and scanning; reading according to the sense of group,up-down and down-up comprehension; the information gap by the board covering method learning new words,phrases analysis of sentences,paragraphs and recitation of texts 预测、快读与略读、按“意群”阅读、“自上而下”与“自下而上”理解法、使用“板罩” ; 适当学习生词、短语 ,适当分析句子、段落 ,背诵等

9 Skimming not only helps you to know something you are reading, but also helps read faster and improve your abilities of reading comprehension 略读不仅帮助你对将要阅读的东西有所了解，还帮助你读得快些，提高你的阅读理解力。

10 Skimming Locate specific information to give an overview of a text, for example a reference document, by finding out what it's called who produced it when it was produced who it was produced for why you think it was produced. This overview will help you decide whether you should read further, and how useful the document might be for your study.

11 略读 略读(skimming)，指的是快速浏览全文的阅读方法。略读的对象是文章的标题、开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结尾句。文章内容的概括性陈述一般都在这些位置。 略读的目的是： (1)了解文章的主题; (2)对文章的结构获得一个整体概念; (3)对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象; (4)对文章主旨做出判断。 对快速阅读而言，略读最重要的意义在于对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象，以方便在寻读时迅速确定答案所在的部分或段落。

12 CET略读(skimming) 对于有小标题的文章，把握开头或结尾部分就把握住了文章的主题与写作目的。小标题相当于段落的主题句，把握住小标题就把握住了文章的主要内容。这些小标题在寻读时也显得格外重要，从题干中的定位信息可以快速找到相关的小标题(模糊定位)，再在小标题下的内容中查找就可以了(精确定位)。这对于提高做题速度非常有帮助。 对于没有小标题的文章，需要把握文章开头或结尾部分来把握文章的主题与写作目的。更重要的是浏览每段的段首和结尾，对每一段的主题和内容获得一个粗略印象。建议考生在浏览时将本段的主题词用笔圈出。这些主题词将起到小标题的作用。其重要性不再赘述。

13 Scanning Read quickly to get an overview prior to in-depth reading. Although you may still need to read the entire text, by scanning first you can decide where you want to concentrate your time. Run your eyes down the page to spot new concepts or terminology so you can check the meaning before you start reading find information on a specific topic look for key words to give an indication of the scope of the text read the first and last paragraphs to get the main points look at the first sentence of each paragraph to get a feel for the content note the key points in the summaries.

14 寻读 寻读(scanning)，是指以问题为线索、带着问题去寻找某一特定信息的阅读。 以什么词为定位词(或线索词)到原文中去查找是很关键的。
寻读常用的定位词有：(1)数字、年代;(2)第一次出现的人名、地名等专有名词;(3)事物的性质特征或比较关系;(4)题干中不同于其他题的新信息。这些定位词在原文中的形式和在题干中的形式可能会有所变化，考生朋友们要注意识别。 。

15 CET寻读(scanning) 对于四六级考试的快速阅读来说，寻读就是在读过文章后面的题之后，以题干中的某些词为线索，到原文中去寻找出处的过程。由于快速阅读题对于内容的理解能力要求并不高，所以寻读技能的高低直接影响着考生做题时间的长短。 还有一点是非常重要的，那就是，快速阅读题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序从总体上说是一致的。把握这一规律，将大大节省我们的寻读时间。考生可以先找出容易定位的题目，然后将文章进行分割。题目顺序可能与原文不同的题目一般会是是非判断题的最后一题、句子填空题的第一题或最后一题

16 CET判断 是非判断题考查的是对原文信息的判断和理解能力。是非判断题一共有三类： 需要特别注意的几点是：
Y题(Yes)——当可以根据原文信息判断题干陈述为正确时，判断为Y; N题(No)——当可以根据原文信息判断题干陈述为错误时，判断为N; NG题(Not Given)——当题干内容不能从原文信息中找到判断依据时，判断为NG。 需要特别注意的几点是： (1)如果题干中的某些信息是在对原文进行归纳总结或简单推理后得出的，那么即使原文中没有出现这些关键信息，也应该判断为Y。 (2)注意区分N和NG题。题干描述的内容与原文内容明显矛盾、相反或不符，则答案为N;而题干与原文之间是一种或然关系，即题干提到的内容有可能发生也有可能不发生，原文中没有提及是哪种可能性，则答案为NG。

17 The Key Insight The most important trick about speed reading is to know what information you want from a document before you start reading it. If you only want an outline of the issue that the document discusses, then you can skim the document quickly and extract only the essential facts. If you need to understand the real detail of the document, then you need to read it slowly enough to gain the full understanding you need. You will get the greatest time savings from speed reading by learning to skim excessively detailed documents, although the techniques you'll learn will help you improve the speed of all the reading you do.

18 Technical Issues know how to ignore irrelevant detail Poor reader
learn to read the way young children read – either letter-by-letter, or word-by-word. ? probably find that you are fixing your eyes on one block of words, then moving your eyes to the next block of words, and so on reading blocks of words at a time, not individual words one-by-one. not always go from one block to the next: sometimes you may move back to a previous block if you are unsure about something.

19 A skilled reader read many words in each block.
only dwell on each block for an instant, and then move on. Only rarely will the reader's eyes skip back to a previous block of words. This reduces the amount of work that the reader's eyes have to do. It also increases the volume of information that can be assimilated in a given period of time.

20 A poor reader will become bogged down, spending a lot of time reading small blocks of words. will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text, and confusing the overall understanding of the subject. This irregular eye movement makes reading tiring. Poor readers tend to dislike reading, and may find it harder to concentrate, and understand written information.

21 Speed reading aims to improve reading skills
Increasing the number of words read in each block. Reducing the length of time spent reading each block. And reducing the number of times your eyes skip back to a previous sentence.

22 Increasing the number of words in each block
This needs a conscious effort. Try to expand the number of words that you read at a time: With practice, you'll find you read faster. You may also find that you can increase the number of words in each block by holding the text a little further from your eyes. The more words you can read in each block, the faster you will read!

23 Reducing fixation time
The minimum length of time needed to read each block is probably only a quarter of a second. By pushing yourself to reduce the time you take, you will get better at picking up information quickly. Again, this is a matter of practice and confidence.

24 Reducing skip-back To reduce the number of times that your eyes skip back to a previous sentence, run a pointer along the line as you read. Your eyes will follow the tip of your pointer, smoothing the flow of your reading. The speed at which you read using this method will largely depend on the speed at which you move the pointer. A pointer could be a finger, or a pen or pencil.

25 Key points By speed reading you can read information more quickly.
You may also get a better understanding of it, as you will hold more of it in short term memory. To improve the speed of your reading, read more words in each block and reduce the length of time spent reading each block. Use a pointer to smooth the way your eyes move and reduce skip-back.

26 FIVE-STEP PROGRAM FOR QUICK, EFFICIENT READING
I. PREPARE TO READ II. OVERVIEW (2-3 minutes for a book, chapter, or article) III. PREVIEW (probably 3-5 minutes) IV. READ ACTIVELY V. RELATE WHAT YOU ARE READING TO WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW

27 I. PREPARE TO READ A. Set aside a portion of time to accomplish your reading task. B. Collect reading material, paper and pencil. and whatever will make you comfortable. C. Find a comfortable spot to read. D. If you can't seem to focus on your reading: 1. Relax and think about what is on your mind. The idea is not to solve other problems now or to actively resolve what is on your mind but to recognize the issue or concern and decide when, and possibly how, you will handle it. 2. Relax, close your eyes, and breathe deeply for a few minutes, Then think about why you are going to read the material in front of you. Imagine yourself focusing on reading and then completing your task. 3. If you still are unable to read, choose another time to do your reading.

28 II. OVERVIEW A. Look at titles and subtitles while asking yourself what information these sections are likely to contain. B. Look briefly at charts and figures and relate them to subtitles. C. Keep in the back of your mind the questions: "Why am I reading this?" "What can I learn from this?"

29 III. PREVIEW A. Read the introduction actively; ask yourself questions such as: "What is the focus of this article?" "What are the three to five main points?" "How does this relate to my task and what I have previously read and learned?" B, Read the first sentence of each paragraph, getting a sense of the flow and development of the article/chapter, and underlined key phrases/ideas in these topic sentences.

30 IV. READ ACTIVELY A. Develop a simple shorthand scheme, For example:
1 underline: main points 2 underlines or parallel line next to I or more sentences: significant/interesting point D in margin (with or without notes): for discussion ? in margin (with or without notes): don"t understand or questionable Box around work or phrase: don't understand; needs to be looked up or thought about B. Underline key concepts and important points of development of key concepts. C. Mark areas significant or important to you. D. Mark areas you want to discuss. E. Write down your thoughts in the margins or on paper. F. Write down or mark words/phrases you don't understand; you can go back later if you wish to look them up. G. If you don't understand a paragraph, reread it before going on. Mark it for further thinking or discussion if you still don't understand it. H. Relate text to charts and figures.

31 V. RELATE WHAT YOU ARE READING TO WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW
DO THIS WHILE YOU ARE READING AND AFTERWARDS.

32 Some Quick Tips To Improve Your Reading Comprehension
Read early in the day:   This will allow you to concentrate and retain more information than studying later at night when you may be tired.  When tired, your concentration and comprehension will decrease. Read for short bursts:  Try to read for 35 to 40 minutes at a time and then take a short break.  If you have this as your reading goal it can serve as a motivator in trying to really focus on the material at hand.  Try to make these “bursts” quality reading time.  Find a quiet location:   Try to avoid your residence hall room on campus as well as the lounge.  There are too many distractions there that are not conducive for quality reading. Monitor your comprehension:  Ask yourself every once in a while, “What have I learned?”  If you are having trouble answering this, then re-read the material, ask a classmate, or ask the professor for some clarification. Try skimming the chapter first:   Take a look at the title page, preface, subtitles, the introduction and the chapter summary before reading the entire chapter.

33 QUICK TIPS PRIOR TO READING
Survey The Information: Look at the information (Chapter Headings, Summaries, Questions at the end of the chapter) this will give you: 1) an idea of what the chapter entails 2) be able to gauge the difficulty of the material that you are reading. Time Management:     Decide on the amount of time you will spend reading the material prior to taking a break (especially if the information is difficult). Speed Reading May Not Be For Everyone:   This depends on the information and the extent of your reading comprehension and/or vocabulary.

34 How To Increase Your Reading Rate:
Motivation:    This will only improve based upon the amount of time you are willing to put in.  In order for you to improve this you must practice your speed reading on a consistent basis. Try To Understand The Concepts:   When reading try to get an understanding of the information or the main point, instead of reading each word (this takes up too much time). Avoid Reading Out Loud:   This causes you to read at the rate of your speech which can slow you down.  You can read more than 2 times faster than you can speak. Avoid Reading Every Word:    Do not focus on every word/letter that you are reading.  This is another way that will slow down your reading rate significantly. Avoid Regression:    When you complete reading a line avoid re-reading words/lines that you have already read. Test Yourself:   After reading a paragraph, a couple of pages, or a section, write down a couple of questions that you feel could be on your quiz/exam. Pace Yourself:     Use your finger, pencil, or a pen and lightly go across each line that you are reading.  As you become more comfortable, move down the middle of the page. Practice:    Try to work on your pace first, and comprehension second.  Try doing this with a newspaper or magazine-reading each line and as you become more proficient,  try reading from the middle of the line and moving straight down.

35 如何提高四六级阅读能力 把握句间逻辑关系 辨析文章结构，找到“经典模块”

36 把握句间逻辑关系 通过抓住四六级文章中鲜明地表达起承转合关系的词汇来把握句间逻辑关系，进而推测四六级文章内容重点、预估命题线索，最后藉由关键词的帮助力图使其与文后题目相结合——若四六级考试出题点与阅读重点恰巧吻合则往往能顺利得到答案 这种方法在应对传统阅读考试中的细节题型和部分推理题时往往比较有效，而且在某些情况下可以大大缩短解题时间。但其缺陷在于，随着各类阅读考试不断演化，纯粹意义上的细节题的比重正在逐步降低。以四六级阅读而论，对主题和文章结构的考察往往与细节相互交织，罕有不“牵一发而动全身者” . 死抓细枝末节的词汇和个别语法现象在面对今时今日的四六级阅读考试时可谓绠短汲深。这种方法没有能够跟上四六级命题者思路的调整，一味抱残守缺故收效甚微。

37 辨析文章结构，找到“经典模块” “经典模块”——如现象解释，如开门见山，如观点对立，等待——套用模块固定思路按部就班、顺藤摸瓜逐个击破。
这种方法的好处是在针对结构清晰命题思路相对稳定的考题时能够把题目按既有模块对号入座，一一还原到文章各段之中。 实际演练起来却容易出现这么几种情况：要么动起笔来大脑一片空白，所谓结构模块早已抛掷九霄云外；要么搜肠刮肚，却苦于无法将手头的文章套入模版，所谓“按部就班”、“顺藤摸瓜”到头来却变成一筹莫展。 四六级阅读不同于四六级写作，每一篇文章可能涵盖了2个甚至3个结构模块，而经典模块属于大脑抽象思维高度概括的产物——和韦伯所说的“理想模型”颇有几分类似——这句话的潜台词是“模型”原封不动地出现在社会现实（考试）中的可能性逼近于零。

38 思考 两套传统解题方式都只是部分揭示四六级命题规律，很容易陷入四六级命题者故布疑云的“罗生门”。另外，只纠缠细节或只从大处着手也不符合一般人的阅读习惯和认知规律，会导致大脑下意识地抵触，遑论进行主动有效的阅读

39 文本再建构的角度切入四六级阅读 结构主义语言学认为，文章所提供的是文本（text），解题者所作的工作大致就是按照题目要求找到其中的样本，进行阐释。 四六级文章阅读的第一个层次或曰第一个步骤——也是在拿到一篇新文章时最符合人类认知习惯的 在接触文本信息时有意识地对其筛选、过滤，剪除冗余信息提取有效的新信息

40 有意识地筛选、过滤，剪除冗余信息提取有效的新信息
四六级阅读考试意在检查四六级考生对超出其既有知识储备的文本新信息的接受能力。 这里的接受不仅仅只是一个被动的了解，而是一个积极主动的对信息整理、加工、归纳和品评的过程。 了解和整理所对应的是大量的四六级细节题，归纳所针对的是四六级主旨题，加工往往是四六级推理题型，而品评则是推测作者的言外之意， 批判性阅读（critique reading）——对这种能力的考察四六级相对要少些，但却是考研英语阅读中命题者屡试不爽的法宝。 在这几项能力当中，了解和整理是基础，正确地加工、归纳还有品评都建诸在前二者之上 。

41 哪些信息是有效信息 三类：转折、因果和比较
通过分析发现，首段末句的转折在文本意义上的层次明显高于其他各句。其原因就在与之前的转折是具体例证，还停留在事实阐述的层面上；而末句的转折超越了单纯的事实阐述进入到理论抽象阶段。

42 解题的思路与方法 1．小标题，大作用 2．Y，N ，NG

43 小标题，大作用 在篇幅相对比较短的阅读理解考试当中可以直接用题目当中的关键词汇定位，但是面对长篇累牍的快速阅读考生首先应当留意文章当中的小标题 在快速阅读当中，第一步工作应该是用提干去对应小标题，先确定大的范围，然后在确定的小标题项下查读。避免重复阅读无关信息，提高查读的针对性，涉及到宏观点考察的时候，小标题的综合就是主旨题答案的来源。

44 Y，N ，NG Yes 1、同义表达（样题FR T5） 2、原意转化；(样题FRT2) 3、根据原文概括或归纳而成的。（样题FR T1 ）
No 1、题目与原文直接相反；（样题FR T 4） 2、原文是多个条件并列，题目是其中一个条件（出现must or only）； 3、原文为人们对某种事物的理论感觉，题目则强调是客观事实或已被证明； 4、原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、程度的词；(样题FR T3 ，6)。 Ｎot Ｇiven 1、题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及； 2、题目中的范围小于原文的范围，也就是更具体 (note：但是大于就是true了)； 3、原文是可能性，题目是必然性；(样题FR T7) 4、题目有比较级，原文没有比较。

45 定位应注意 1、留意数字和符号，数字和符号的位置是最容易找的，如问题有提及过，用寻找关键字的方法找答案。当然为了提高难度，数字有时候在文章或提干当中也可能会用英文表达；（样题快速阅读T9） 2、如您不知道一个词的意思的话，您可试估计这字词是正面的（positive）还是负面的（negative），这对您认识文章的意思和作者的意图很有帮助；T 7 中Hazarfous 3、注意文字或句子的形式变化，在文章中寻找答案的难度很多时候是看对字句的形式变化的认识能力。 需注意的3种不同形式： 第一种：相同词性的同义替换: rules and regulations——regulations   T5 第二种：动－副同义替换: speed up——quickly 第三种：同义、文与数的替换: most of  ——57 percentage

46 It is very important to use the reading techniques of
skimming,scanning,guessing,predicting,inferring, etc. 注意运用略读、查读、猜测与预测、推论等阅读技巧 It is very helpful for English learners to know such reading ways as study reading, average reading, skimming and scanning to get rid of some bad reading habbits raise reading speed, improve reading ability strengthen reading understanding.   对于英语学习者来说 ,了解不同的阅读方式和方法 ,比如仔细阅读 ,普通阅读 ,略读 ,查阅等 ,并在阅读中努力克服不良习惯 ,这对于提高阅读速度 ,培养阅读能力 ,加强阅读理解很有帮助。