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英语课堂中学生高阶思维能力的培养策略 ——读《英语教学策略论》有感 芦花中学 孙文艳
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英语课程标准(2011)指出:英语课程承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务,即学生通过英语课程能够开阔视野,丰富生活经历,发展跨文化意识,促进创新思维,形成良好品格和正确价值观,为终身学习奠定基础。2012年的IATEFL大会也把外语学习中学生思维能力,尤其是高阶思维能力的培养,作为现代外语教学关注的重心。
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什么是高阶思维能力?布鲁姆教育目标分类理论把人的认知思维过程从低级到高级分为六个层次(记忆、理解、应用、分析、评价和创造)“记忆、理解、应用”是低阶思维;
“分析、评价、创造”是高阶思维。
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《英语教学策略论》中的思维含量: ●第二章第三节课堂组织策略中谈到, 建议教师在课堂上,问一些反问句, 并给学生20秒的思考时间,然后再解 释。这一技巧被叫做思维小憩(Think break),有助于学生参与解决问题的 思维训练。(P23)
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●在第四章第一节提问的重要性中,我们 可以发现,提问的其中一个功能就是启 发学生思维。(P44)
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●在第三节问题的种类中,根据问题对回答 者认知能力的要求,Orstein把问题分为浅 层问题和深层问题。浅层问题侧重记忆和 信息再现,这里所用的是低阶思维。而深 层问题超出记忆和事实性信息的范围,要 求回答者进行复杂的、抽象的思维,能对 材料进行分析、综合、评价,并且具有相 对较高的解决问题的能力。(P52)这种思 维就是高阶思维。
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策略一 通过观图读句来培养学生的 英语逻辑思维能力
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●在第七章第一节流畅阅读中,作者这么 描写自上而下的阅读教学模式:阅读是 一个语言心理的猜测过程”。读者在对 语言层次的词语进行解码时,同样也在 运用自己的知识对文章的下文进行预测, 阅读检验自己的预测、修订自己的预测、 进行新的预测 ……,整个阅读过程实际 上就是读者与文章的交互过程。(P98) 在预测中,学生必须运用分析和综合能 力,这种思维被认为是逻辑思维的一部分。
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在教授八年级下册Unit 5 Section B的第二课时阅读文章时,文中有两张图片,一张是马丁路德金的演讲,另外一张是美国纽约世贸大厦起火。教师可以让学生仔细观图,并结合文章的题目,通过分析、综合能力来推测本文的两大重要事件以及事件发生的时间。 Do You Remember What You Were Doing?
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又如,八年级下册Unit 6 Section B第一课时,在让学生听材料之前,教师可以先让学生观察课本中的五副图片,然后让他们用英语来预测故事大意。两个骗子为了达到骗钱的目的,对国王卑躬屈膝的表情以及看到金银财宝时的欣喜若狂,而国王挺胸凸肚照镜子的臭美样和游行时被小孩拆穿真相后的一脸尴尬,在图片中一览无余。学生通过观察图片就读懂了皇帝的新装这一童话的寓意。
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故事(Pictured story)。该策略通 过使学生根据图片进行预测从而激发 学生的阅读兴趣,促进对文字材料理 解的方式。(P113)
●这一策略就是阅读教学策略中的图片 故事(Pictured story)。该策略通 过使学生根据图片进行预测从而激发 学生的阅读兴趣,促进对文字材料理 解的方式。(P113) (
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Which is the structure (文章结构)of the passage?
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英语的时间逻辑是一条明确的直线。由此,在英语课堂中让学生自主挖掘时间线索,也不失为培养学生逻辑思维的一个好的策略。
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八年级下册Unit 6 Section B第二课时糖果屋是一个剧本,教师可以让学生通过找关键词和关键句,在七个分散的场景中理出一条清晰的时间脉络。学生很快能找出:
I’m going outside to get something in the moonlight. Go to sleep. Get up. Tonight. Go to bed. As soon as you wake up, you must go to the forest with your father. As soon as the moon rises, we can follow them instead . 从这些关键词或关键句中,三夜两天的时间线就呈现在学生的眼前。通过这条时间线,教师巧妙地引领学生求索剧本语言背后作者的意图,把学生带进了一个令人意醉神迷的童话空间。
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David’s story is developed by .
a. space b. time c. feelings
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Question time Were you…?Was it…? Did you…? Who did you …with?
Where did you …? When did you…? … Who... Was… Where … Were… Miss Bei watched a movie. When… How… Did… …
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Hobby is something that you ________________in your free time.
enjoy doing can do for pleasure (乐趣) singing Hobbies playing basketball … Everyone has his own hobbies. So what is hobby? What is your hobby? Playing badminton is not his only hobby. He is also interested in many other things.
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What are the advantages of hobbies?
David’s hobbies Many students have hobbies, such as reading, painting, growing vegetables and looking after animals. Some hobbies are relaxing and others are active. Hobbies can make you grow as a person, develop your interests and help you learn new skills. David Smith is a student, and one of his hobbies is writing. In a summer camp in 2010, there was a writing class as well as usual activities, such as sailing and climbing, “The teacher was a writer, and she asked us to talk about our lives and tell interesting stories. Then she encouraged us to write about our experiences at the camp.” Back at school, David wrote a story about the life of a sixteen-year-old boy and it came out as a book in As a result, David has become a successful young writer. David has been very lucky because his hobby has brought him pleasure and success. But writing is not his only hobby. He is also interested in playing volleyball. “Maybe I’ll write about my volleyball team in my future books.” 1 learn new skills develop your interests active grow as a person advantages of hobbies … … … … … What are the advantages of hobbies?
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策略二 通过小组合作来培养学生的 英语创造性思维能力
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八年级上册Unit 7 Section A第一课时,让学生想象What will the world be like in 100 years?在这里,我们可以运用第八章第三节中的会话策略,思考●分组●共享(think-pair-share),学生先独立思考,记下自己的答案。然后两两一组就各自的答案交换意见,最后以小组为单位向全班宣布自己的回答。(P133 )
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如:There will be robots everywhere, and they all can walk and speak freely. There will be no dark in the world. People won’t use money to buy things. All the people will live to be 100 years old.这样既训练了语言,又活跃了学生的思维。同时给一些学困生安全感,使其在课堂中没有任何恐惧,满足他们安全的需要。(P27)
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Section B第二课时阅读文章,教师可以在Post-reading这一环节中,让学生设计一个未来家庭的机器人,并提出以下两个问题:1
Section B第二课时阅读文章,教师可以在Post-reading这一环节中,让学生设计一个未来家庭的机器人,并提出以下两个问题:1. What roles will it play? 2. What will it do for your family members? 学生们以小组为单位进行合作,各自展开了想象,不仅画出了形象生动的机器人,而且极其到位地运用已输入的语言进行输出,把内隐知识转化为外显知识。就这样,学生的思维由识记、理解、应用转化为分析、评价、创造,低阶思维转化为高阶思维。
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Challenge 3 Talk about the pictures with the structures.
Bajie monsters Huaguo Mountain Jiang Liu’er so…that… not…at all It was +adj.+for sb. (not) to do sth.
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●在第六章第三节词汇教学策略中,有词汇旅行
这一策略,是指通过想象力,将所学词汇融入 一个奇妙的故事。这种活动给学生充分的想象 空间,对于培养学生的语言思维能力(创造性 思维)有很大的帮助。(P87)
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在上复习课时,教师可以让学生把一或二单元的重点句型和词汇编成小剧,以小组形式进行展示。从小剧的展示中,学生不但复习了单元的重点,而且还能创造性地运用了其他新词汇、新句型。
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Wu Song Fought with the Tiger
Characters Narrator………………………….Liu Huixing Wu Song…………………………Shi Boling Waiter/policeman……………… Cai Xuebin Shopkeeper……………………… Jiang Ziyi 5. The tiger…………………………..Mao Chenyu 6. A policeman………………………Hong Heying
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Key words , phrases &sentences in the play
Summary Key words , phrases &sentences in the play learn a useful lesson a terrible surprise put up went to sleep the next morning woke up so…that … start to He looked out of the tent and saw something walking to his tent. New words ,phrases &sentences in the play wine酒 kill杀死 hero 英雄 dead死的 We must protect保护tigers.
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学生的语言表达能力得到了发展。在合作中,学生之间相互启发,相互讨论,思维由集中而发散,又由发散而集中,个人的思维在集体的智慧中也得到了发展。
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Let’s discuss. 1. What do you think is important for David’s
success? And why? a. his interests b. his teacher c. his life experience d. his hard work e. … Interest is the best teacher. Listen carefully, think wisely. Experience is useful. Hard work is the way to success.
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Let’s share. What is your hobby? What do you do with this hobby?
When did your hobby start? Who do you like to do with? What do you think of your hobby? Does it make you grow as a person? Does it develop your interests? Does it help you learn new skills? Do you have any plans for your hobby in the future? In the future, I will….
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策略三 通过思辨质疑来培养学生的 英语批判性思维能力
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●阅读教学的目的之一是培养 批判性阅读能力。(P100)
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八年级下册Unit 6 Section A第一课时,Role-play中两位学生对愚公移山的故事有不同的看法。
Yu Gong Moves a Mountain really interesting Wang Ming’s opinion: a good way to solve the problem Anything is possible if you work hard. a little bit silly Claudia’s opinion: It doesn’t seem possible to move a mountain. try to find other ways to solve a problem
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教师可以组织学生展开讨论。学生需要对这两个看法进行正确的思考,并说出赞成和反对的理由。这种一分为二的思辨,有利于学生在英语学习中养成批判性思维的能力。
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Go for it 八年级下册Unit 7 Section A第二课时阅读文章,作者在文章结尾处给出了爬山者的精神,
It shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature. 学生针对这一观点进行分析,最后发现时间副词sometimes在句中是不可缺少,举足轻重的。在这个过程中,学生能够批判性地对作者的观点进行学习,培养了他们发现、分析、解决问题的能力。
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这里运用了第七章第三节阅读教学策略—— 质疑作者(Questioning the author)。质疑作 者并不是简单地挑战作者,而是鼓励学生更好 地理解作者的写作意图和文章的结构等,从而 对文章进行恰当的评价,亦可指出文章的不当 之处。(P111)
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Let’s discuss. 1. What do you think is important for David’s
success? And why? a. his interests b. his teacher c. his life experience d. his hard work e. … Interest is the best teacher. Listen carefully, think wisely. Experience is useful. Hard work is the way to success. 2. Are all hobbies good to us?
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Questions 1. How was the story? 2. Was Sun Wukong good? Why? 3. Who would you like to be? Why?
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古训:“为学之道,必本于思。” 我的做法:“课堂思维化, 思维活动化, 活动任务化。” 所以,为思而教、学思结合 是英语教学之正道。 Keep thinking! Keep trying! Keep doing !
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我, 是一棵树, 一棵有温度的树。 静静地伫立着, 拥抱阳光和雨露。 只为, 看着你成长。 一棵有思想的树。 悄悄地守望着, 经历寒冬与酷暑。 等着你成熟。 良好的教学让学生成才,良好的教育让学生成人。我想做的是,蹲 下身来,平等对话;静下心来,慢慢等待,让每一位学生都有成长。
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Question 1: 布鲁姆教育目标分类理论把人的认知思维过程分为哪六个层次?
“记忆、理解、应用”是低阶思维, “分析、评价、创造”是高阶思维。 Question2:IATEFL 的全称是什么? International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (国际英语外语教师协会)
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国际英语外语教师协会成立于1967年, 总部设在英国肯特大学,是目前国际上 规模最大、最具权威性的英语外语教 师学术机构之一,其宗旨为在世界范 围内沟通、发展、支持英语外语教学。 它在全世界100多个国家中拥有4000余 名会员。
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