Grammatical generalization

Presentation on theme: "Grammatical generalization"— Presentation transcript:

1 Grammatical generalization
非谓语动词用法锦集 present participle ( v.-ing ) past participle (v.-ed) the infinitive ( to do )

2 谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didn’t go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart. 单谓语或动词短语 情态动词/助动词+ v. 系动词+表语

3 非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语，主要包括不定式，ving形式以及过去分词。
e.g. He works. He wants to work here. I want to work here. You are students, so you don’t work in the factory. Being students, you don’t work in the factory.

4 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词） 1、动词不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语。 2、动名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。 3、分词在句子中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。

5 The infinitive ( to do ) 语法功能（grammatical functions）
不定式不受人称和数的限制，但有体和态的变化（以 write 为例） （一般式） to write / to be written （进行体） to be writing （完成体）　 to have written / to have been written （完成进行） to have been writing 语法功能（grammatical functions） S 主语 O宾语 Attr定语 P 表语 Oc 宾补 Adv 状语

6 ⑴不定式作主语 往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面 例如：
It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us.　他帮助我们，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　 但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如： It is to learn to teach. To teach is to learn. To teach is learning. Teaching is to learn.

7 ⑵不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。 ①有些不及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为：动词+不定式。例如：
agree decide demand determine pretend manage plan refuse expect intend hope fail learn mean The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。 ②有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即 动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： ask choose help like/love need want wish I want you to speak to Tom.　我想让你和汤姆谈话。 I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和汤姆谈话。

8 ③ 有些动词或动词词组可以用 动词+疑问词+不定式 的结构作宾语。例如
③  有些动词或动词词组可以用 动词+疑问词+不定式 的结构作宾语。例如 decide know consider forget learn remember show wonder explain tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders that I can't decide which to buy. 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。

9 ⑷不定式作定语 ⑸不定式作状语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
　I have a lot of work to do.　我有许多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。 ⑸不定式作状语 ①目的状语　 常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to， 　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。

10 例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here only to say good-bye to you. ②作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. ③表原因 I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 (4)表示条件 You will do well to speak more carefully.

11 v.-ing 是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形 + ing 构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征。
是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形 + ing 构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征。 v.-ing 也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词 repair为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。 （一般式） repairing （被动式）　being repaired （完成式）　having repaired （完成被动）having been repaired

12 语法功能（grammatical functions）
Subject 主语 Object 宾语 Attribute 定语 Predicative 表语 Object complement 宾补 Adverbial 状语 基本意义： ①主动的关系 ②正在发生的动作或持续的状态

13 1）作主语。 2）作宾语 包括单个的分词和分词短语/分句两种形式，语法上都相当于单数名词。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. Beating a child does more harm than good. Your falling into the river was the climax of our play. 2）作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如： appreciate consider imagine enjoy escape finish avoid suggest mind miss practice keep face

14 Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如： prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。

15 3）作表语(主语补语）, 对主语的内容进行说明、解释。 Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children 她的工作是 洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。 比较： She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4）作定语。 ①表示所修饰名词事物的用途。 a writing desk = a desk used for writing 写字台 例如： a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池 ②表示所修饰名词正在做某事 The boy climbing that tree is my nephew. 有些v.-ing作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point = a temperature point at which sth. begins to boil 沸点 English speaking country = the country where people speaking English

16 Being a hard working young man, he is praised by all his friends.
5) 宾补 ( S + V + O +OC ) I taught him speaking English. （相当于名 词 ） I noticed an old man crossing the road. （分词短语表动作正在发生 ） 6) 状语 ①逻辑主语即句子主语 ②可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义 Being a hard working young man, he is praised by all his friends. The old man fell asleep quickly, holding a book in his hand (可用 with 介词短语代换 )

17 练习 我习惯了做这种工作。 I am used to doing this kind of work. 看到前面坐着这么多人，他感到很紧张。
Seeing so many people sitting in front, he felt very nervous. 他在四川住过许多年，对那里的情况很了解。 Having lived in Sichuan for many years, he knew there very well.

18 Past participle (v.-ed)
语法功能: Attribute 定语 Predicative 表语 Object complement 宾补 Adverbial 状语 基本意义： ①及物动词常带有被动的意义和完成的意义 ②不及物动词仅表完成的意义

19 Attribute 定语 ⑴单个分词做前置定语 the spoken word a speaking bird
a recorded talk a recording machine written language writing paper 不及物动词很少能单独做前置定语，仅限于下列示例： a retired worker fallen leaves the risen sun

20 Predicative 表语 分词作表语多是由形容词化的短语构成的，被动和完成的意义并不明显。如：
be interested be concerned with be addicted to be covered with be drunk A bent back means a back that is bent.

21 Object complement 宾补 可以带分词作宾补的动词主要有以下两类：
① see, hear, feel, find, think等表感觉和心理状态的动词 We all found her greatly changed. ② make, get, have, keep等表“致使”意义的动词 He is trying to make himself understood.

22 Adverbial 状语 可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义
Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.(原因) United, we stand; divided, we fall.(条件)

23 -ing分词和 -ed分词的特殊用法 ⑴分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
　分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： 　 generally speaking　一般说来 　 talking of （speaking of） 说到… 　 strictly speaking 严格的说 　 judging from 从…判断 　 all things considered 从整体来看 　例如： Judging from his face, he must be ill.　 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。

24 ⑵独立主格 独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词； 独立主格结构的特点： ①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 ②名词或代词与后面的分词是主谓关系。 ③独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例如：

25 The test finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。 　　 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　 天气允许，我们明天去看你。 　　 The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

26 特殊词精讲 1. stop doing/to do stop doing 停止做某事。 stop to do 停止中断做某事后去做另一件事，
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了 They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 2. try doing/to do try to do　努力，企图做某事， try doing　试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didn‘t succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功　

27 3. mean doing/to do mean to do　 打算、想，mean doing　意味着。 　 　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。

28 ---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.　　　　　　　　　　 A. turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off 　 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

29 V.-ing 形式 例4 There was nobody，so he had to go alone.
There ______ nobody, he had to go alone. If time permits, I will go to see you. _____ ________, I will go to see you. being Time permitting 当存在不同主语时，可以用Ving形式的独立结构。 例5 _________ what to do ,he came to the teacher for help. A. Not knowing B. knowing not C. No knowing A

30 .-ing分词、不定式、-ed分词练习 d. d. c. b.
1. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?” “I prefer ______ .” a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not to 2.  I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had something urgent to do. a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed 3.  Don’t let me catch you ______. a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again 5.      It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______. a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid d. d. c. b.

31 c. 6.      _______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair. a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused 9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming. a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough 10. “I watched my father ______ his motorbike when I got home.” a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs 11.   We must have an engineer ______ the workers build the house. a. to see b. see c. seeing d. seen 12.   Induction means ______ a general conclusion from special facts. a. to come to b. to coming c. coming to d. came a. c. b. c.

32 You will get it if you are determined.