I have an apple. The apple is red. I have an apple that/which is red.

Presentation on theme: "I have an apple. The apple is red. I have an apple that/which is red."— Presentation transcript:

1 I have an apple. The apple is red. I have an apple that/which is red. 修饰先行词 an apple

2 Some friends like sports.
I like some friends. Some friends like sports. I like some frineds who/that like sports. 修饰先行词 friends

3 The Attributive Clause
Grammar The Attributive Clause

4 Mary is a girl who has long hair.
先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系代词 关系副词 事，物：which/ that/ whose/as 人：who/whom/whose/that/as 地点：where 时间：when 原因：why

5 II: Definition(了解): 关系词又分为两类： 关系代词： who whom that which as whose
在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词关系词.关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。 关系词又分为两类： 关系代词： who whom that which as whose 关系副词： when where why

6 1.The boy who is reading a book there is my brother.
2. The boy that is reading a book there is my brother. 3. This is the boy（whom） I talked with just now. 4. The girl （whom）you met in the street yesterday is my sister. 5. People who lost their homes in the flood burst into tears. 先行词是人时，关系词可以用who ,whom，that ，

7 1. Do you like the computer( that) I bought for you?
2. A plane is a machine that can fly. 3. The book (which) you want to buy is sold out. 4.The river which runs through the city offers us a lot of pleasure. 5.Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be @先行词是物时，关系词可用which， that @Who , which, that 在从句中能做主，宾，表语 Whom 在从句中只能作宾语。 @当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，可省略

8 The boy whose father is a teacher will go abroad next month.
2. The room whose window is very big belongs to me. 3. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase ___________(它的价格 ) was very reasonable. 4. Can you tell it to the man _____________ (他的房子 )you lived in for years. whose翻译成。。。的， 在定语从句中做定语 whose+n= the + n+ of which = the + n + of whom the father of whom of whom the father the window of which of which the window whose price the price of which of which the price whose house the house of whom of whom the house

9 This is the place where I lived many years ago.
I will never forget the day when I was admitted to No. 9 Middle School. This is the place where I lived many years ago. Nobody knew the reason why he abandoned his wife. when ，where， why在从句中做状语。

10 when 1. I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army. 2. I will never forget the day _____________ I spent at my friend’s home. 3. This is the factory _______I used to work. 4. You can make a mark at any place ________ you have questions. 5. This is the reason ________ he came late to class. 6. The reason _____________ he missed class for is reasonable. that/ which// where where why that/ which/ /

11 I will never forget the day
________ I stayed in Australia. _________I was admitted to No. 9 Middle School _________ I played basketball with Yao Ming. _________ I spent at the seaside. _________ was wasted on playing computer games. ___________ I went to the kindergarten on. 2. This is the place ____________ I was born. _____________ I lived many years ago. ______________ we visited the other day. _______________ they are looking forward to. _______________We studied together. _________________ We appreciate music. when when when that/ which// that/ which that/ which // where where that/ which// that/ which// where where

12 _____ she explained to me. _____ I was late again.
This is the reason _____ she explained to me. _____ I was late again. that\which\\ why

13 牛刀小试 高考全接触

14 1. The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. （11年天津）
A. when B. that C. where D. which 2. The old town has narrow streets and small houses____ are built close to each other . A. they B. where C. what D. that （11 山东）

15 3. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. （2010北京）
A. what B. whose C. which D. that 4. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen. （2010山东） A. that B. which C. whose D. what 5 . Wind power is an ancient source of energy _____we may return in the near future（2010上海） A on which B by which C to which D from which

16 1. 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：
“介词＋关系代词”用法 1. 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如： eg:Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands 2. 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如： eg:He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. The train on which I went to Beijing is an express.

17 介词之后+which（物） +whom（人） 不用that
The glasses ______which I can see nothing are lost. My uncle works in a factory _____which computers are made. There is nobody ______ whom he can talk . without at /in with/ to 介词之后+which（物） +whom（人） 不用that 关系副词可以用介词+关系代词表示，但介词+关系代词不一定代表关系副词

18 He was educated at a local grammar school,
_____ which he went on to Cambridge. 2. The journey around the world took the old sailor 9 months, ____ which the sailing time was 226 days. Why does she always ask you for help? --- There is no one else _____ whom she can turn . 4.American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ whom they can talk frequently. 5. The play ____ which my students acted was a success. after of to with in

19 pay attention to these sentences
This is the house which we bought last month. 1、The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 2、This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. 3、English is an important subject, which every students should study well. 4、The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school. 5、The director only thought highly of that actress, which made other actors unhappy. 6、A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, as has happened in Iraq. 7、The foolish boy made the same mistake again, as could be expected.

20 非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，起前后都需要用逗号隔开。

21 1. There are 56 students in our class, most of whom come from the countryside.
of whom most =and most of them 2.The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which is Sep. through Dec. of which the first =and the first of them 3.The old man has two sons, both of whom are general manager. of whom both =and both of them

22 I have many friends, some of whom are engineers. Of whom some
@我有很多朋友，其中一些是工程师。 I have many friends, some of whom are engineers Of whom some @ The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,______________________ (其中80% 被销往国外) @ The earthquake destroyed many buildings, _______________________________________ (其中大部分建造得都不结实) 80% of which are sold abroad/ Of which 80% are sold abroad most of which were not strongly built/ of which most were not strongly built

23 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 类别 意义 功能 形式 关系代词 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 1.有that
起限定作用。若省略，原句意义不完整。 无逗号隔开 修饰先行词 2.作宾语时可以省略 无that 起补充说明作用。若省略，原句意义不受影响。 修饰先行词 / 整个句子 有逗号与主句隔开 不可以省略

24 定语从句中的特殊用法 1.只用that,不用which的情况 2.不用that的情况 3.That 和which 的区别
4.非限制性定语从句中as和which 的区别 5.定语从句中的主谓一致 6.The way 做先行词 7. situation / point / case/ occasion做先行词

25 特殊用法之一:只用that引导不用which
1 当先行词既包括人又包括物时： He talked about the men and the books that attracted him. 2. 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时： eg:These are the very points that interest me. eg:That's the only watch that I like most.

26 3. 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：
The first step (that) we are to take is very difficult. This is the second card (that) he gave me. 4. 先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing等时： There is still much that can be done about it. Have you got everything (that) you need? 5. 先行词是who时： Who that have seen him does not like him? 6.先行词是物的There be 结构中： There is a tree (that) we used to climb

27 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March .
特殊用法之二:不用that的场合如下： 非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2. 介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news This is the room in which Mr.wang lives 3. 句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for. 4.先行词是those +复数名词 A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 5.关系词离先行词较远时 Here is the pen which was given to me by my elder sister.

28 Practice: which 1. The typhoon, in _______ people suffered heavy
losses finally stopped. 2. Football, _____ is an interesting game, is played all over the world. 3. That _______ I mean is how to do it well. which which

29 特殊用法三：who 和that 的区别 Who 和that 指人时，有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that.
1.先行词是：anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people 时： eg: (1)The people I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and work well. (2)Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason. (3)Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once (4)I don’t like the ones (those) who talk big. (5)Persons who are not quarrelsome are despised. 2.在人作先行词的there be 结构中，用who指代人 There is a gentleman who wants to see you. 3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时 I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.

30 特殊用法四 ：非限制性定语从句中as &which的区别
3、 as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，翻译成“正如···正像···”常和 see, know , expect, is often the case, mention, happen 连用 which引导的定语从句只能放在句中，翻译成“这一点，这件事···”。 4、当as后面有“is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be动词is或was可省略。

31 句子做先行词 意义 位置 标志词 正如,正象 自由 这一点 这件事 主句之后 as See, know , expect,
Point out, announce is often the case, mention, happened which 这一点 这件事 主句之后

32 Mr. Cheng is intelligent, as we can see.
2. He was early, as is often the case. 3. As is mentioned above, the number of students in senior high school is increasing. 4. The Chinese Volleyball Team , as we all know, is the top one in the world. 5. The director only thought highly of that actress, which made other actors unhappy .

33 as as as as that as that the same ···as/that···都是定语从句结构。
as / so / such as 只有从句中缺主干成分（主、宾、表）时是定语从句。 as 1.I have the same pen _____ you have.(同类不同个) 2.This is as good an idea______ we accept . 3.Don’t do such things _____ you are not sure about. 4.Here is so big a stone ______no one can lift . Here is so big a stone______ no one can lift it. 5.He is such a handsome boy ______ we all like. He is such a handsome boy _______ we all like him. as as as that as that

34 So / Such ······ as····· As引导定语从句，as在从句中做成分
注意： So / Such ······ as····· As引导定语从句，as在从句中做成分 The same ··· as 表示同类不同个 eg: I buy the same pen as you have. The same···that···表示同一个事物 eg:This is the same pen that I used last time So / Such ······ that····· that引导结果状语从句“····以至于····”

35 1. The man showed us so heavy a stone as no one can lift.
2. We will give you such data(数据) as will help you in your work. 3. This is the same pen as I used last time. @当定语从句的先行词由as, so, such, the same 修饰时， 连接词用as。

36 特殊用法之五 is am 定语从句中主谓一致问题 一、定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
1 I am not one who ______afraid of difficulty． 2 Don‘t choose me, who _______not fit for this job 3 Anyone who_______ the law is punished. 4 Those who ______ the law are punished. 5 He who _______ the law is punished is am breaks break breaks

37 二、定语从句中，one of后常接复数名词，动词的数与复数名词保持一致，而如果是only one 后面就用单数，和one保持一致
1.That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that have appeared in recent years． 2.He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job

38 A. that have ever been written B. that has ever been written
This is one of the best books _______. A. that have ever been written B. that has ever been written C. that has written D. that have written She is not the only one of the girls ___ well in class. A. which sings B. who sing C. who sings D. who to sing

39 特殊用法之六 先行词是 way ，当方式，方法讲时，从句不缺主干成分，即定语从句缺状语就用： that / in which /省略
1.I don’t like the way_____________________ he spoke to his mother. 2.I don’t like the way_____________________ you told me. 3.This is the way_________________________ I do such things. 若定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用that 或which 引导 I don't like the way __________________ were taught by our teacher. that / which / 省略 that / in which / 省略 that / which

40 特殊用法之七 当先行词是situation / point / case,从句中不缺成分用where
当先行词是occasion “时刻，时候“，从句中不缺成分用when. 1.It’s helpful to put children in a situation_________ they can see themselves differently. 2.There is one point____________________ I must insist on. 3.I have reached a point in my life _______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 4.Occasions are quite rare__________ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 5.University lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________________ appear in the working world. 6.I faced an embarrassing situation_________ I could keep silent. where that / which / 省略 where when that / which where

41 I can think of many cases ___ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where

42 that 1. The first place ____ we visited in that city was a big factory. 2. A truck ran down a lady and her cat ____ were just crossing the road. 3. They spoke highly of the diplomat and his brilliant success _____ they read about in the newspaper. 4. The last city ____ the foreign guests visited in China was Chengdu. 5. Finally the patient threw up everything _____ he had eaten. 6. This is the only English dictionary _____ I have. 7. Which is the book _____ is most popular with us? 8. China is not the country _____ it used to be. 9. This is the most beautiful place ____ I visited 10. It’s the very place ______ the Anti-Japanese soldiers fought over 60 years ago. that that that that that that that that where

43 I will show you a supermarket ______________you
can buy everything in. 2. I will show you a supermarket in __________ you can buy everything. 3. I will show you a supermarket _________________ you can visit day and night. 4. He bought a new recorder ____ which he can study English well. 5. The glasses _______which I can see nothing are lost. 6. My uncle works in a factory _____which computers are made. I bought a villa recently, _______________ which there is a wide road. 8. I cleaned the windows of the house, ___________ which hadn’t been cleaned for years. that/ which// which that/ which// with without at in front of/ behind all of which

44 into 9. The wine ______ which the grapes are made is delicious. 10. It’s also rich in natural resources, _______ which Canadians make good use to produce energy. 11. The gentleman ______ whom you told me proved to be a thief. 12. Shen Zhou VI, ______which China greeted the 21 century, is a great success. 13. Mr. Cheng is a teacher of great experience, _____ whom much can be learned. 14. There are tables at restaurants, ______ which you can sit to eat. 15. The train _____ which she was travelling was late 16. He built a door in the back wall, ________ which he can enter the backyard. of of with from at in through

45 1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans
this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the world cup. 2. The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that faraway village. 3. The time isn’t far away _______ you will go home. when when when

46 The way he did it was different from the way
_________________ we were used to. 2. Can you think of a situation ________ we can use this new word? 3. I can still remember the sitting-room ___________ my mother and I used to sit in in the evening. 4. Such people _____ Tom knows have given him a lot of help. 5. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, _____ which 80% are sold abroad. 6. Kunming is such a beautiful place ____________ all people are longing to visit it. 7. They will have to put off his concert until next month, ________ he finishes his travel around the world. 8. I like a car ________ front lights are big and round. that/ which/ / where that/ which/ / as of that when whose

47 9. Helen is much kinder to her youngest child than to
the others, ________, of course, makes them unhappy. 10. The wrong you have done him is terrible, ______ which you should apologize to him. 11. Is this camera ________ you took these nice pictures with ? 12. After living in London for 30 years, he returned to the small town __________ he spent his childhood. 13.The thief didn’t find proper time until after 11 p.m., _____which time many people have fallen asleep. 14. Alice received an invitation form her boss, _____ came as a surprise. 15. The earthquake destroyed many buildings, ______ which were not strongly built. 16. Tom’s mother keeps telling him that he should work harder, ________ doesn’t work. which for the one where by which most of which

48 17. The room _________ we are working is a large
one. 18. Do you know the girl _____________our headmaster is talking? in which with/to whom 19. Such a man _____you describe doesn’t seem to have been existed(存在). 20. I have the same Bosideng coat _____ you bought yesterday. as as whose 21. I live in the room _______ window is open. 22. We ran over to help the man _______ car had broke down. whose

49 23. I have three brothers, ____ are
workers. A. all of who B. both of whom C. all of them D. all of whom 24. Kunming is the very place ____the foreigners are looking forward to visiting. A. as B. where C. that D. to which 25. I have a book, _____ is blue. A. the cover of it B. the cover of that C. the cover of whose D. of which the cover D C D