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Pneumonia Aming Chor-Ming Lin
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Pneumonia Inflammation or infection of the lungs.
The lungs' air sacs fill with pus, mucus, and other liquid and can not function properly. Oxygen can’t reach the blood--insufficient oxygen in the blood--body cells can not function properly --die.
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Classification of Pneumonia
Typical vs. Atypical Practical classification Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Health Care Associate Pneumonia (HCAP) Aspiration Pneumonia Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Patients
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
發生在未住院或住院未滿48小時之病人 合併急性感染之症狀 胸部X光有急性浸潤
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發生CAP的危險因子 年長者 同時存在的疾病 COPD Malignancy DM Chronic neurological disease
Renal insufficiency CHF CAD Malignancy Chronic neurological disease Chronic liver disease
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Pneumonia Clinical Presentation Fever Increased WBC Productive cough
Increased respiratory rate Breath sound: rales/ronchi Chest X-ray: infiltrate / consolidation
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判讀的步驟 A: Airway B: Bone C: Cardiac, mediastinum and hilar D: Diaphragm
E: Else (soft tissue, pleura, breast…) F: Lung Field
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判讀的步驟 確認體內各種插管、導管的位置及是否有發生併發症。 評估縱膈的界限和寬度。 評估心臟和血管徑大小。 比較肺野病灶的型態和變化。
注意是否有氣胸、縱膈腔氣腫。 注意是否有肋膜腔積液。
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正常表現 橫膈: 肺門: 右側橫膈較左側高出1-1.5脊體(vertebral body) 圓駝峰狀
肋膈角(C-P angle) 清晰、銳角 肺門: 左側較右側高0.75-3公分 右側下肺血管徑<1.6cm 左側下肺血管徑<1.8cm
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名詞解釋 Air-Bronchogram 正常情況下,細支氣管和肺泡是不顯影的
若細支氣管或肺泡的周圍因發炎反應而有發炎細胞的浸潤及細胞滲出液時,因空氣和水的密度不同,會將細支氣管或肺泡顯示出來,稱之。 例:肺炎
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Pneumonia 通常會有分節性或大葉性分佈的肺紋增加。 可見air-bronchogram。
大部分會volume reduction,但有些會volume expansion(如K.P. pneumonia)。 通常需要配合臨床症狀。 吸入性肺炎通常會分佈在下葉(尤其是右肺)及上葉的後節。
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32 Y/O male Cough for 1 wk Fever for 2 days Rales over LLL
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Pneumonia Pathogens Microorganisms Viruses Bact Pneumonia
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella M. tuberculosis Fungi Protozans and parasites Age Etiologic agents <6months C. trachomatis, RSV, 6months-5Yr H. influenza Adol/Adult Mycoplasma, Chlamydia >65Yr H. influenzae, L. pneumoniae except Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Pneumonia: Community Acquired
Common pathogens Viruses ( most common type) Bacteria: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae M. pneumoniae C. pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium
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Aspiration Pneumonia Common pathogens Mixed flora Mouth anaerobes
Peptostreptococcus spp, Actinomyces spp. Stomach contents Chemical pneumonitis Enterobacterium
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Typical pneumonia: Clinical presentation
Usual bacteria Sudden onset Fever with chills, rigors Productive cough, Mucopurulent sputum Tachypnea and tachycardia Pleuritic chest pain Breath sound: crackles and rales CXR: air-bronchogram, consolidation
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Atypical pneumonia: Clinical presentation
Gradual onset Afebrile Dry cough Breath sound: Rales Uni/bilateral patchy, infiltrates WBC: usual normal or slight high Sore throat, myalgia, fatigue, diarrhea Common etiology Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Legionella pneumophilla Mycobactria Virus Others
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Pneumonia Diagnosis Sputum gram stain and culture Good specimen
PMN’s>25/LPF Few epithelial cells<10/LPF Single predominant organism
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Pneumonia Gram stain Organisms not visible on gram stain
M. pneumonia, Chlamydia Legionella pneumophila Viruses Mycobacterium Common organisms Gram positive: diplococci (pairs and chains) Gram positive: clusters, ie staphylococcal pneumonia Gram negative: coccobacillary, ie K.P. Gram negative: rods
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Pneumonia 的 治療 Keep vital signs: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Symptom treatment Antibiotics: Bacteria Atypical pathogens
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須住院治療的條件 原則上,病人有多項危險因子,病情複雜者,都要住院治療。
The Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) risk factors (Wishwa N Kapoor : Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1997): 65 歲以上 其他並存的疾病如COPD、Bronchiectasis 、Malignancy 、DM 、CRF 、CHF 、 Chronic liver disease 、 Chronic alcohol abuse 、Malnutrition 、CVA 、Postsplenectomy.
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須住院治療的條件 最近一年曾住過院 呼吸速率 ≧ 30/min 舒張壓 ≦ 60 mm Hg 或收縮壓 < 90 mm Hg
體溫 < 35 or ≧ 400C 意識不清 合併有肺外感染 家居無人照料
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須住院治療的條件 實驗室診斷 白血球 < 4000/l 或 > 30000/ l
PaO2 < 60 mmHg 或 PaCO2 > 50 mmHg(room air) Serum creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl or BUN > 20 mg/dl 胸部 X 光很差,如多肺葉、併有肋膜積水、開洞、快速惡化(48 小時內增加 50%) Hematocrit < 30% or hemoglobin < 9 mg/dl 敗血症、器官衰竭、代謝性酸中毒,或是凝血異常 Arterial pH < 7.35
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須住ICU治療的條件 符合以下一個 Major criteria 或 兩個 Minor criteria
The major criteria 須使用人工呼吸器 胸部 X 光快速惡化(48 小時內增加 50%) 敗血性休克或需要升壓劑超過4小時 急性腎衰竭(4小時尿量 < 80 ml或serum creatinine > 2 mg/dl而沒有慢性腎衰竭病史) The minor criteria 舒張壓 ≦ 60 mm Hg 或收縮壓 ≦ 90 mm Hg 雙側或多葉性肺炎 呼吸速率 ≧ 30/min PaO2/FiO2 < 250
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結論 當病患的臨床表現和你所下的診斷有所出入時,必需考慮其他的可能性。
X光的表現雖可以提供絕大部分的診斷,但是沒有任何一種疾病的表現是千篇一律的。 學X光的秘訣只有一個:多看片子! 主動去追data,追探踪病人。
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