Unit 1 Holism.

Presentation on theme: "Unit 1 Holism."— Presentation transcript:

1 Unit 1 Holism

2 Word-Formation homeo- 相同，象；同一，同 ( homeostasis ) hypno- 睡眠
（hypnosis / hypnotic / hypnotherapy ） psych/o 心理，精神 (psychotherapy ) ovari/o- 卵巢 ( ovarian ) splen/o 脾 ( spleen ) leuk/o 白 (leukemia ) lymph/o 淋巴 ( lymphoma ) melan/o 黑色 ( melanoma ) onco- 瘤，肿 ( oncology )

3 anti- 抗, 防止 ( antioxidant ) tox/o 毒，毒素 ( genotoxic ) intra- 内，内部的 ( intravenous ) crani/o 颅骨 ( craniosacral ) -ic …的 ( psychosomatic ) -iatry 医疗术，医治法 ( psychiatry ) diet 饮食 ( dietitian ) chemo- 化学 ( chemotherapy ) oxy- 氧，氧化 ( antioxidant )

4 ven/o-,ven/i- 静脉 ( venous ) -stasis 停滞，淤积 (homeostasis ) -osis 状态，病态，病，症 ( hypnosis ) -therapy 治疗 (chemotherapy ) -emia 血症 (leukemia ) -oma 肿瘤 (melanoma ) -logy 学科，研究 (oncology ) -ant …剂 (antioxidant ) ( venous ) -ous …的,有…的,分泌…的

5 Background Knowledge 整体医学的发展概况 世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以健康为本。人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要的卫生服务是整体性的服务，要提高这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统整体的思维方式，开展生物-心理-社会医学模式，做好以患者为中心而不是以疾病为中心的服务。

6 医学观就是医学工作者对医学的本质、构成和目的的根本看法。整体医学观就是用整体观认识医学的各个要素。世界上的任何事物都可以被看成是一个有一定内部结构的系统整体，生命系统是按照从低级到高级的严格系统程序组成，也是从简单的原子开始，逐渐从低级到高级发展起来的。从分子细胞组织器官系统躯体个人两个人家庭社会生态系统。部分与整体之间存在着对立统一的辩证关系。整体总是由相互联系、相互制约的各个部分构成，没有部分的整体和脱离整体的部分都是毫无意义的。

7 黑格尔曾指出：“……一只手，如果从身体上割下来，按照名称仍然可以称为手，但按其实质来说，已经不是手了。”医学的整体观要求把医学看成一个有机整体，从整体上来认识医学的性质、对象和目的。整体医学从广义上是指从总体上研究医学的结构及其与各分体的关系，探讨各个学科的发生、发展和演变规律的科学。亦即高度综合的人体生命科学。在狭义上，它是指从整体水平出发，将人体看作是一个具有“自稳态”性质的开放系统，研究人与自然以及人体内部各器官间信息联系的一门医学学科.

8 美国、日本整体医学的概况 20世纪后半期，西方发达国家以技术革新为先导，推动经济发展，结果经济确实快速增长起来，但经济高速增长造成的诸多矛盾开始显露，如环境的恶化日趋严重等，不少学者意识到问题的严重性，著书立说，提出改革或替代方案。对于医疗现状提出的替代方案是“整体健康”。生物医学模式等传统的理念和做法日益显露其弊端，现状促使人们进行反思，逐步认识到：身体、精神、环境不可分离，使它们处于一种相互平衡调和的状态才叫做健康。

9 美国在对越南战争中阵亡士兵的尸体进行解剖时发展，营养供应全面的20岁左右的士兵，不少已患了动脉硬化。美国人开始对自己生活方式及医疗保健体系的正确性产生怀疑。当医学领域的矛盾也同样在日本显露出来时，日本人开始重新重视自己的传统思想文化，很快地接受了整体的观念。

10 整体医学的理论体系，现在尚未正式形成，但已具雏形，大致包括：
(1)强调整体的健康观；(2)治疗的出发点是激发自然治愈力；(3)治疗疾病的主角是患者自身，治疗者不过是援助者；(4)把各种治疗方法综合起来加以应用。 美国整体医学的兴起，可以说是始于美国加利福尼亚州巴克莱整体健康中心的设立。此后，类似的整体健康中心很快在美国各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一个整体健康运动。

11 1987年，全美整体医学协会成立，美国替代医学的绝数门类都属于整体医学范畴。日本整体医学的发端晚于美国，但其发展的势头超过了美国。这是因为日本原有的东洋医学的传统与整体医学的观念十分接近，因此，整体医学传至日本后便很快与东洋医学结合起来，得到迅速普及。

12 我国整体医学发展概况 自从20世纪80年代我国实行改革开放以后， 经济建设得到迅速的发展，特别是我国进 入WTO后医疗卫生必须适应国际化的要求。 21世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以 健康为本，健康才是人生最宝贵的财富。 人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要 的卫生服务是一种整体性的服务，要提供 这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统 整体性的思维方式。

13 随着医学科学的发展，传统的生物医学模式正在转变为生物-心理-社会医学模式，要求临床医务人员具备的知识结构符合这种模式要求，医学院校完善自己的教学体系成立相应的教研室。
1979年北京大学医学院率先成立了医学心理学教研室，至今几乎所有的医学学院已正式开设了医学心理学的课程或讲座。整体护理也在各级医院得到深化和推广。2002年我国创办了中华全科医生杂志，宣传、交流、推广整体医学，使整体医学得到普遍重视。

14 整体医学的崛起给中医药学国际化带来了机遇，整体医学与中医药学的关系是十分密切的。从理论体系看，整体医学的理论与中医药学的学说实际上是相通的。如《黄帝内经》中就提出“人与天地相参”的观点。“人与天地相参”可以认为是《黄帝内经》对医学认识的根本指导思想，其含义可以归结为四个方面：一是人是自然界运动变化的产物；二是自然界是人类赖以生存的基本条件；三是人体与自然界有着共同规律；四是人体生理机制与病理过程受自然界的影响，所以中医药学与整体医学是相通的。

15 美国整体医学主要表现替代疗法的常用 的十六种方法中，有5种属中医药学范畴， 日本整体医学界也十分重视中医学的各种 疗法。中医、中药、针灸、气功、推拿被 广泛应用于倡导整体医学的医院、诊疗所、 疗养院中，所以整体医学的崛起将给中医 药学的国际化带来机遇。

16 整体医学发展趋势 我国原有的卫生服务体系采用各种卫生服务相互独立、各自为政、垂直管理的模式，分别由相应的部门来管理，由专门的机构来实施，由不同的专业人员来提供，相互之间缺乏协调和合作，难以实现横向整合，这种模式不能适应社会发展的需要。医疗服务是一种整体性服务，特别需要对卫生服务进行横向整合，加强各部门、系统和人员之间的协调和合作，只有这样才能充分满足社会对卫生服务的要求，才能使有限的卫生资源产生最佳的效率和效益。

17 随着整体医学在国内外的不断发展，一个整体医学理论体系即将建立，医学研究的对象更为明确，医学的最终目的将是鉴别疾病、治愈疾病、控制症状、预防疾病、帮助患者适应症状和环境，尽可能恢复功能，满足患者的需要，改善个人的生活质量，进而改善全体人民的生活质量。整体医学与中医药学的关系密切，整体医学的崛起将给中医药学的国际化带来机遇。现在应解放思想，实事求是，大胆开拓，使中医药学进一步走向世界。

18 Group discussion What do you know about: 1. holism
2. holistic medicine 3. holistic health

19 Introduction Holism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) is the idea that all the properties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave. The term ‘holism’ was coined in 1926, by the South African statesman General Jan Christian Smuts.

20 holistic adj. describing an approach to patient care in which the physical, mental, and social factors in the patient’s condition are taken into account, rather than just the diagnosed disease. The term is applied to a range of orthodox and unorthodox methods of treatments. 机能整体性的 描述照料病人的一种思路：应考虑病人的身体、精神、以及社会等各方面因素，而不是仅仅考虑经诊断的疾病。此术语适用于一系列正统的和非正统的治疗方法。

21 Understanding the Text
Part I Introduction (para. 1-3) 1. Definition of holistic medicine given by Canadian Holistic Medical Association (para. 1-2) American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA) ( Founded in 1978 ) British Holistic Medical Association ( BHMA ) ( Formed in 1983 )

22 Difficult Points optimal---- adj. the best or most favorable or desirable e.g. An optimal environment for healing well being/wellness---- n. health alternate/alternative

23 Alternative Medicine ---- 替代医学
a wide range of treatments for medical conditions that people use instead of or with western medicine. It is often used by the general public and some healthcare practitioners to refer to medical techniques which are not known or accepted by the majority "conventional" medical practitioners . Such techniques could include non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques such as Medical Herbalism, Acupunture, hypnotherapy, naturopathy and many others. However, this term can also refer to any experimental drug or non-drug technique that is not currently accepted by "conventional" medical practitioners.

24 2. Holistic health/holistic healing (para. 3)
Questions: What is holistic health? What is the goal of holistic healing? Holistic health is a philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches to treatment. Holistic health is not itself a method of treatment, but is an approach to how treatment should be applied.

25 Difficult Points takes a broader spectrum of mind, body, and spirit(para.3) spectrum----range, field, scope 领域, 范围; 谱; 系 e.g. broad-spectrum antibiotic 广谱抗生素 healer(para.3)---a person skilled in a particular type of therapy( Synonym: therapist )

26 Part II Overview(para.4-5 )
Questions: 1. What are the healthy lifestyle habits promoted by health professionals ? 2. What does a holistic approach generally mean in mainstream medicine ?

27 Difficult Points Mainstream medicine/care
Complementary therapy/medicine Preventive care/public health Health professionals/providers A more inclusive approach to a person’s health

28 Mainstream/Conventional medicine e. g
Mainstream/Conventional medicine e.g. chemotherapy surgery radiation therapy hormone therapy

29 Complementary Medicine 补充医学
A non-mainstream health care provided in addition or instead of standard medical practice. It is often used by "conventional" medical practitioners to refer to non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques used as a complement to "conventional" medical treatments such as drugs and surgery. The term implies that "conventional" medicine is used as a primary tool and the non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques are used as a supplement when needed.

30 Preventive care is a set of measures taken in advance of symptoms to prevent illness or injury. This type of care is best exemplified by routine physical examinations and immunizations. The emphasis is on preventing illnesses before they occur. (compare: Public health )

31 health care provider / health professional ----A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services Health care professionals include physicians, physician assistants, support staff, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, psychologists, veterinarians(兽医), dentists, optometrists(配镜师), and a wide variety of other individuals regulated and/or licensed to provide some type of health care.

32 A more inclusive approach to a person’s health (para.5)
inclusive adj.----1)covering a wide scope; involving much or everything; 2)all-around, general ,comprehensive, e.g. gender-inclusive 不分性别的 all-inclusive 包罗万象的

33 Part III Promotion of Use ( para. 6-7 )
Questions: 1. What are the complementary therapies mentioned in para. 6 ? 2. What are the different kinds of cancer claimed to be cured by holistic methods in para. 7 ?

34 Difficult Points anecdotal ( para.7 )---informal ( unscientific ）
Art therapy Hypnosis Imagery Meditation Psychotherapy Spirituality and prayer yoga

35 Art Therapy 艺术疗法 Other common names: creative arts therapy, expressive arts therapy Art therapy is used to help people manage physical and emotional problems by using creative activities to express emotions. It provides a way for people to come to terms with emotional conflicts, increase self-awareness, and express unspoken and often unconscious concerns about their illness and their lives. "Expressive arts therapy" or "creative arts therapy" may also include dance and movement, drama, poetry, photo therapy and others, as well as the more traditional art methods.

36 Hypnosis 催眠疗法 Other common names: Hypnotherapy, Hypnotic Suggestion, Self-Hypnosis Hypnosis is a state of restful alertness during which a person uses deeply focused concentration. The person can be relatively unaware of, but not completely blind to, her or his surroundings, and may be more open to suggestion. It is considered to be a type of complementary therapy.

37 Imagery 想象(疗法) Other common names: Guided Imagery, Visualization Imagery involves mental exercises designed to allow the mind to influence the health and well being of the body.

38 Meditation 冥想(疗法) Other common names: mindfulness meditation, transcendental meditation Meditation is a mind-body process that uses concentration or reflection to relax the body and calm the mind. It has been defined as the intentional self-regulation of attention, a mental focus on a particular aspect of one's inner or outer experience. One commonly practiced type is Transcendental Meditation, which involves repeating a word or phrase , either silently or aloud. Another is mindfulness meditation, in which a person observes sensations, perceptions, and thoughts without judgment as they arise.

39 Psychotherapy 心理/精神疗法 Other common names: Therapy, Counseling, Psychological Intervention, Psychotherapeutic Treatment Psychotherapy covers a wide range of approaches designed to help people change their ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving.

40 Spirituality and Prayer 宗教/精神疗法
Other common names: Religion, spiritual healing Spirituality is generally described as an awareness of something greater than the individual self. It is often expressed through religion and/or prayer, although there are many other paths of spiritual pursuit and expression.

41 Yoga 瑜珈 Other common name: Hatha Yoga Yoga is a form of non-aerobic exercise that involves a program of precise posture, breathing exercises, and meditation Yoga can be a useful method to help relieve some symptoms of chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and heart disease and can lead to increased relaxation and physical fitness. Available scientific evidence does not support yoga as an effective treatment for cancer or any other disease; however, it may enhance quality of life. Some cancer treatment centers even offer yoga in addition to standard medical treatment.

42 Part IV Coverage (para. 8-11)
Questions: 1. What do all practitioners stress when they are practicing holistic medicine? (Para. 8) 2. What does holistic medicine involve? (Para. 9-10)

43 Difficult Points Helicobacter pylori supplement: 补品 (natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional) synthetic interferon healing touch

44 Helicobacter Pylori: 幽门螺杆菌 Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the mucus lining of the human stomach. Many peptic ulcers and some types of gastritis are caused by H. pylori infection, although most humans who are infected will never develop symptoms. This bacterium lives in the human stomach exclusively and is the only known organism that can thrive in that highly acidic environment. It is helix-shaped (hence the name helicobacter) and can literally screw itself into the stomach lining to colonize. ( helix----螺旋线)

45 早在一个世纪前就有人发现胃内存在一种螺旋状 微生物，由于长期未能分离而未受到重视。 直至 1983 年澳大利亚佩思皇家医院的 Warren 和 Marshall 报道从胃内成功地分离出“未鉴定的弯曲 状杆菌”( unidentified curved bacilli ) 后, 才引 起医学界的广泛兴趣，从各方面进行了深入的研究。 人们在研究这种细菌的生物学物性时，曾几次对其 易名，直到1989年才正式将其命名为:幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori, Hp）

46 interferons 干扰素 ---- small, natural or synthetic protein and glycoprotein cytokines(细胞素) that are produced by leucocytes, T-lymphocytes, and fibroblasts(成纤维细胞) in response to infection and other biological stimuli. In cancer treatment, they are used as immunotherapy against the proliferation(增生) of cancer cells.

47 Healing touch 触摸治疗 Healing Touch is a relaxing, nurturing energy therapy.  Gentle touch assists in balancing your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being.  Healing Touch works with your energy field to support your natural ability to heal.  It is safe for all ages and works in harmony with standard medical care. 

48 Healing Touch is used in a wide variety of settings including hospitals, long term care facilities, private practices, hospices(临终关怀医院), and spas(疗养院).  Janet Mentgen, RN, founded Healing Touch in as a continuing education program for nurses, other health care professionals, and lay persons.  Today Healing Touch has spread internationally and is taught in universities, medical and nursing schools, and other settings internationally.

49 Some of the benefits of healing touch
Reducing stress Calming anxiety, depression Decreasing pain Strengthening the immune system Enhancing recovery from surgery Completing care for neck and back problems Supporting cancer care Creating a sense of well-being Easing acute and chronic conditions

50 Part V A short history (para. 12-13 ) Part VI Scientific evidence (para. 14-15)
Questions: 1. Why does scientific research generally not focus on holistic medicine itself as a cure for cancer or any other disease ? (Para. 14) 2. According to health professionals, what does a person’s health depend on ? (Para. 15)

51 Difficult Points cost-effective (para. 14) ----adj. economical in terms of the goods or services received for the money spent. 成本效益高的, 经济的, 上算的, 划得来的 clergy ( para. 15 ) ---- n. clergymen, the body of people ordained for religious service. 牧师; 教士

52 Part VII Possible problems or complications (para
Part VII Possible problems or complications (para. 16) Question: In your opinion, what limitation does holistic medicine have ?

53 Other Terms Associated with Holistic Medicine
Naturopathy Homeopathy ( homoeopathy ) Allopathy

54 Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the body's intrinsic ability to heal and maintain itself. Naturopaths prefer to use natural remedies such as herbs and foods rather than surgery or synthetic drugs. Naturopathic practice includes many different modalities. Practitioners emphasize a holistic approach to patient care, and may recommend patients use conventional medicine alongside their treatments.

55 Homeopathy ( homoeopathy ) A system of medicine based on the theory that ‘like cures like’. The patient is treated with extremely small quantities of drugs that are themselves capable of producing symptoms of his particular disease. The system was founded by Samuel hahnemann( ) at the end of 18th century and is followed by a minority of doctors in the UK. There is a Royal London Homeopathic Hospital.

56 顺势疗法 以“以毒攻毒”理论为基础的医学体系。用极小量的药物治疗病人， 而该药本身就能产生病人所患疾病的症状。该体系由创立于18世纪末， 目前在英国仍被少数医生沿用。并有一所伦敦皇家顺势疗法医院。 homeopathic(homoeopathic) adj. (1) of or relating to homeopathy 顺势疗法的，与顺势疗法有关的 (2) infinitesimally small, as applied to the dose of a drug 极小的（指一药物的剂量）

57 Allopathy is a term for conventional medicine, used most frequently by its critics. The word was coined by Samuel Hahnemann. Allopathy n.---- the orthodox system of medicine, in which the use of drugs is directed to producing effects in the body that will directly oppose and so alleviate the symptoms of a disease. 对抗疗法 一种传统的医疗体系，药物使用的目的为在体内直接对疾病症状产生作用而加以缓解。

58 Phrases in the Text 1. holistic medicine/health/healing 2. alternative/alternate medicine 3. modalities of diagnosis and treatment 4. mainstream/conventional medicine ( care ) 5. health professionals/providers 6. complementary therapy 7. preventive care

59 8. radiation / hormone therapy
9. oral hygiene 10. genotoxic agents 11. synthetic interferon 12. side effects 13. physical therapists