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The Kidney Zhu keqing 竺可青 Pathology Department

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Presentation on theme: "The Kidney Zhu keqing 竺可青 Pathology Department"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Kidney Zhu keqing 竺可青 Pathology Department
Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2017-5

2 肾小球组织学 肾小球由毛细血管丛及肾球囊构成 肾小球囊的脏层存在肾小球滤过膜: 内侧为连续性不强的内皮细胞层;
中间是基膜,是粘多糖形成的网架; 外侧为多数足突附着于基膜,其间滤过隙。 足突是脏层上皮(足细胞)的最后胞突分枝。 血管袢的中央有系膜细胞及其基质。

3 病因 肾小球肾炎简称肾炎,是由于各种免疫复合物引起的两侧肾脏肾小球弥漫性增生性炎,属Ⅲ型变态反应,即免疫复合物肾炎。

4 Hypercellularity. 增生性炎症
基本病理变化 Hypercellularity. 增生性炎症 Cellular proliferation of mesangial or endothelial cells Leukocytic infiltration, consisting of neutrophils, monocytes, and, in some diseases, lymphocytes Formation of crescents. Basement Membrane Thickening. Hyalinization and Sclerosis.

5 Clinical syndrome Acute nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome Asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria Chronic nephritic syndrome Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Renal tubular defects Urinary tract infection Nephrolithiasis (renal stone) Urinary tract obstruction and renal tumors

6 The Glomerular Syndromes
1. Acute nephritic Syndrome Hematuria, azotemia, variable proteinuria, oliguria, edema, and hypertension 2. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Acute nephritis, proteinuria, and acute renal failure 3. Nephrotic syndrome >3.5 gm proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,hyperlipidemia, lipiduria 4. Chronic renal failure Azotemia → uremia progressing foryears 5. Asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria Glomerular hematuria; subnephrotic proteinuria

7 蛋白尿 正常滤过小于2~4万Da蛋白质通过 >150mg/d >3.5g/d

8 血尿 3个/HP,1ml/L。单纯或伴蛋白尿、管型尿
  血尿来源:相差显微镜检查;尿红细胞容积分布曲线

9 水肿 edema 肾病性水肿:低蛋白血症 肾炎性水肿:“球-管平衡”和肾小球滤过分数下降,导致水钠潴留

10 高血压 hypertension 肾血管性、肾实质性 容量依赖型、肾素依赖型 CRF患者90%出现高血压 原因: ①钠、水潴留
②肾素分泌增多:肾实质缺血刺激…… ③肾实质损害后肾内降压物质分泌减少(激肽等)

11 肾功能损害: 急性及慢性肾功能衰竭

12 肾脏疾病常见综合征 肾病综合征 肾炎综合征 无症状性尿异常 急性肾衰竭和急进性肾衰竭综合征 慢性肾衰竭综合征

13 肾脏疾病的诊断 根据患者的病史、症状及体征,并辅以实验室检查和特殊检查,作出正确诊断 病因诊断 部位诊断 功能诊断 病理诊断

14 去除病因,抑制免疫反应及炎症反应,对症治疗, 防治并发症。延缓肾脏疾病进展和肾脏替代治疗
治疗原则 去除病因,抑制免疫反应及炎症反应,对症治疗, 防治并发症。延缓肾脏疾病进展和肾脏替代治疗 降压治疗 对症治疗 EPO、1,25-D3等广泛应用

15 3 The manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome include:三高一低
Massive proteinuria, with the daily loss of 3.5 gm or more of protein (less in children) Hypoalbuminemia, with plasma albumin levels less than 3 gm/dL Generalized edema Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

16 Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
Prevalence (%) Children Adults Primary Glomerular Disease Membranous glomerulopathy Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritides Other proliferative glomerulonephritis (focal,"pure mesangial," IgA nephropathy) Systemic Diseases Diabetes mellitus Amyloidosis Systemic lupus erythematosus Drugs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, penicillamine , "street heroin") Infections (malaria, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Malignant disease (carcinoma, lymphoma) Miscellaneous (bee-sting allergy, hereditary nephritis) Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

17 肾盂肾炎是由化脓菌直接感染引起肾盂、肾间质和肾小管为主的化脓性炎
病因 大肠杆菌最常见(占60-80%),其次变形杆菌、产气杆菌、肠杆菌以及葡萄球菌等。 感染途径 1.上行性感染 尿道→膀胱→输尿管→肾盂 病原体:大肠杆菌 2.下行性感染 原发性化脓灶→败血症→肾及肾盂 病原体:金黄色葡萄菌多见

18 急性肾盂肾炎 (acute pyelonephritis)
病理变化 光镜:肾盂和肾间质化脓性炎、形成脓肿。上行性,肾盂和肾间质首先累及。下行性,肾皮质肾小球首先累及。 肉眼:肾脏表面和切面有大小不等、形状不规则肿脓灶。髓质内可见黄色条纹状病变。肾盂粘膜有脓性分泌物或积脓。 临床联系 感染症状;尿急尿频尿痛等膀胱刺激症状;脓尿、蛋白尿、管型尿、血尿、菌尿。 结果 绝大多数治愈。如治疗不彻底,反复发作,可转为慢性肾盂肾炎。

19 慢性肾盂肾炎 (chronic pyelonephritis)
急性肾盂肾炎转为慢性肾盂肾炎的机理:治疗不完全彻底,细菌变异成为原生质型、尿路阻塞或尿液返流。 病理变化 光镜:肾间质慢性化脓性炎症病变,纤维化。肾实质部分破坏,肾小球玻璃样变和肾小管萎缩。但部分肾小管扩张、腔内有管型,似甲状腺滤泡。 肉眼:大疤痕凹陷性固缩肾、肾盂粘膜粗糙增厚。 临床联系 多尿夜尿;尿液中性白细胞数增多;尿液培养菌(+);血压和肾衰 结果 预后较差,常反复发作,如能及时治疗,消除诱发因素,病情可得到控制变严重且广泛,则可因尿毒症和高血压而死亡。

20 临床分型 – 病理?(小结) 急性肾小球肾炎 AGN acute glomerulonephritis 急进性肾炎 RPGN
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 慢性肾炎 CGN chronic glomerulonephritis 隐匿型肾炎 latent glomerulonephritis 肾病综合征 NS nephrotic syndrome


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