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A Strategic Framework for Supply Chain Design, Planning, and Operation

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1 A Strategic Framework for Supply Chain Design, Planning, and Operation
指導教授: 盧淵源博士 第一組 組長 黃德強 蔡國彬 謝聰明 郭宗鑫 廖燿堂 劉文欽 盧世欽

2 Outline •What is supply chain management? –Understanding the Supply Chain •A supply chain strategy framework –Achieving Strategic Fit and Scope •Supply Chain Drivers and Obstacles –Trade-off Efficiency and Responsiveness

3 Traditional View: Logistics in the Economy (1990, 1996)
•Freight Transportation$352, $455 Billion •Inventory Expense$221, $311 Billion •Administrative Expense$27, $31 Billion •Logistics related activity 11%, 10.5% of GNP. Source: Cass Logistics

4 Traditional View: Logistics in the Manufacturing Firm

5 Supply Chain Management: The Magnitude in the Traditional View
•Estimated that the grocery industry could save $30 billion (10% of operating cost) by using effective logistics and supply chain strategies –A typical box of cereal spends 104 days from factory to sale –A typical car spends 15 days from factory to dealership •Laura Ashley turns its inventory 10 times a year, five times faster than 3 years ago

6 Supply Chain Management: The True Magnitude
•Compaq estimates it lost $0.5 billion to $1 billion in sales in 1995 because laptops were not available when and where needed •When the 1 gig processor was introduced by AMD, the price of the 800 meg processor dropped by 30% •P&G estimates it saved retail customers $65 million by collaboration resulting in a better match of supply and demand

7 物流成本在平均值及最佳表現之間的差異 物流成本佔營業額的比例
Source:William C. Copacino,“Logistics Management”,April, 1997。

8 Overview of Supply Chain Management
Factors require companies to use supply chain management as part of their competitive strategy. -Globalization -Increased competition -Information technology -Shorter product life cycles

9 發展歷程 由戰場至商場 軍事後勤 軍事人員、物資之運輸補給、儲存與維修 ∼1955 興起於二次大戰期間
∼ 興起於二次大戰期間 戰後轉移民間企業 企業後勤 著重儲、運、配銷等作業功能 美國物流管理協會NCPDM 成立 National Council of PhysicalDistribution Management 1970’s 系統功能整合 ILS:Integrated Logistics Support 企業講求競爭時代來臨 講求競爭優勢與策略 1990 ∼ 利用運籌管理提昇競爭力 Supply Chain Management 供應鏈管理 Global Logistics 全球運籌

10 What is a supply chain?

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13 Flows in a Supply Chain

14 Information Sharing in the Supply Chain
Traditionally, information has been shared only between adjacent supply chain pairs, and that information has been very limited. This limited approach to information sharing leads to “bullwhip effect”. 長鞭效应主要描述市场的细微变化会引起供应链环节厂商产量的急剧变化,供应链环节离终端顾客越远,这种放大效应越明显。通常客户端10%的市场需求变化会导致元器件供应商订单量200%的变化。解决長鞭效应主要有三个途径:供应链环节之间的秩序要非常清楚;供应链环节之间要加强合作;供应链环节之间信息相对透明。“chains use a hub and spoke approach to sharing information.”

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16 Process View of A Supply Chain
1.Cycle View -Divide into (order) four cycles -Order Cycle (in general) order transmission order processing order preparation order shipping

17 Cycle View of Supply Chains

18 Supply Chain Cycle

19 2. Push/Pull View Sharman (1984) introduced the term order penetration point in a logistics context. He defines the OPP as the point where product specifications typically get frozen, and as the last point at which inventory is held. He argues ... •Divide by OP (Order Penetration) point [Sharman] OP Points •Push Process (Speculation) –Before OP point –Process in anticipation of customer orders •Pull Process (Postponement) –After OP point –Process in response of customer orders •Push/Pull View is good for strategic planning

20 OPP and Product Delivery Strategies

21 The Importance of Supply Chain
•Dell’s Success •Quaker Oats’Lesson –$1.7B bought Snapple in –Two distinct supply chains –Can’t create synergy and SC value –Sold to Triarc about $300M 1997.~4.

22 Examples of Supply Chains
•Micro Electronics: Direct Sales Manufacturing •7-Eleven: Convenience Store •W.W. Grainger / McMaster-Carr: MRO •Toyota: Global Auto Manufacturer •Amazon / Borders / Barnes and Noble Micro Electronics Corporation or MEC is an electronic-components manufacturer and distributor serving various industries. products mainly include: LCD; LED; transistors; and other micro-electronic related components. WW Grainger and McMaster-Carr selling maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) supplies to other companies over the Internet.

23 What is Supply Chain Management?
Managing supply chain flows and assets, to maximize supply chain surplus (profitability). •What is supply chain surplus?

24 獲 利,提 高 供 應 鏈 之 價 值 企業經營強調獲利,然而─ “除非最終使用者付錢,否則到後來供應鏈裡的每一家公司沒有人真正賺到錢”
獲 利,提 高 供 應 鏈 之 價 值 企業經營強調獲利,然而─ “除非最終使用者付錢,否則到後來供應鏈裡的每一家公司沒有人真正賺到錢” - Eliyahu M , Goldratt 限制理論 ( TOC ) 之創始者 只有當這整個供應鏈有能力提供客戶 更好的產品和服務,以及更高的價值,供應鏈裡的每一家公司才有利。 強調:整個供應鏈之競爭能力, 而非侷限於個別企業之競爭能力。

25 提昇競爭力:降低後勤成本 1. 建立「總成本」(Total Cost)觀念 􀁹 美國企業物流成本佔銷售額20%左右
􀁹 有效管理可連續節省五年至十年 2. 避免分別決策的損失(Avoid Suboptimum) 3. 尋求最佳取捨(Best Trade-off) 􀁹 Transportation vs. Inventory Costs

26 Supply Chain performance: Achieving Strategic Fit and Scope
•Company Strategy: (mission/vision) –Define target customers to satisfy through its products and services •Supply Chain Strategy MUST support Company/Corporate Strategy

27 Business (Competitive) Strategy
Examples: –Wal-Mart: Everyday Low Price; Product Variety –McMaster Carr: Next-day Delivery; Product Variety –Dell: Customization –Compaq: Availability –7-Eleven: Convenience (Time/Place Utility)

28 The Value Chain: Linking Supply Chain and Business Strategy

29 How to Achieve Strategic Fit
1.Understanding the Customer 2.Understanding the Supply Chain 3.Make Strategic Fit

30 Understanding the Customer

31 Levels of Implied Demand Uncertainty
Impact of Customer Needs on Implied Demand Uncertainty

32 Understanding the Supply Chain

33 Supply Chain Cost-Responsiveness Efficient Frontier

34 Types of Supply Chains Responsive Supply Chains: respond quickly as new products are introduced and as demand changes. Efficient Supply Chains: focus on operating efficiently to minimize costs.

35 Types of Supply Chains -- Continued
回應型供應鏈 for innovative product 效率型供應鏈 for functional products 生產計劃和控制,品質管理,及售後服務的整合. 在製品及庫存成品追蹤管理. 分享更多資訊. 全系統最終客戶滿意度量測. 供應商的評估是基於產品發展時間,地理位置,訂貨前置期,和循環周期. 以傳統觀點評估供應商. 整合性,承諾,信賴度和一致性都是最重要的評價依據. 成本,交期和庫存也是評價依據.

36 策略最適化 回應性 需求碓定性

37 Expanding Strategic Scope

38 Supply Chain Strategies
Quick Response Programs Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)/供應商管理存貨. 透過資訊共享,讓供應商在製造商或零售商的企業內,自行管理存貨 Efficient Consumer Response 企業間資訊暢流互相分享,以提高競爭力. Postponement当增加产品品种时,库存也随之增加。 物流成本增加可能会削弱产品多样化策略的优势。为此, 而有延迟化策略。 如延遲標貼,延遲染色,….以在短時內,滿足不同的客戶需求. Revenue Sharing:目的在提高銷售,利潤分享. Cross Docking多式聯運的運輸優化交叉 分撥重組系統(Cross-docking)成功的運輸與倉儲管理所需要的核心戰略和 技術托盤設計與裝載計劃車隊路線安排、跟蹤 ... 建模及實例分析等 ...

39 Postponement Postponement当增加产品品种时,库存也随之增加。
物流成本增加可能会削弱产品多样化策略的优势。为此,而有延迟化策略。 如延遲標貼,延遲染色,….

40 由物流管理產生競爭策略 以產生「服務差異性」為策略目標 現代化科技的應用 􀁹 電腦:MIS 管理資訊系統、DSS 決策支援系統
􀁹 通訊:EDI 電子文件交換 􀁹 自動化倉儲 􀁹 運輸:複合、戶到戶快遞服務 供給/銷售通路的改變 (QR, ECR) 貿易條件/運輸方式的改變 Buy from Origin Sell to Destination 策略功能:應採集中管理原則 作業功能:可委託第三者經營 運籌結盟:可採日本綜合商社模式

41 Changing Distribution Patterns
物流管理的趨勢: 從線型供應鏈演化成為價值網.(Value Webs) Dispersed manufacturing 在途合併組裝Merge-in-transit assembly 訂單生產Build-to-order 供應商/客戶/組織內成員介面間,經由網路和入口網站更緊密的配合.

42 Changing Distribution Patterns
Trends in Logistics: 可能產生價值網型的供應鏈 對產品細項運輸狀況的即時訊息了解的需求. 合作是本質 Requires 95%+ Service Reliability 更小更頻繁更快速的送貨需求 Favors air and expedited ground delivery 空運和快速的陸運

43 企業運籌系統管理一般功能參考模式(Reference Model for a Logistics Management System)

44 Supply Chain Drivers and Obstacles
–庫存 –運輸 –設施 –資訊 •影響SC執行的主要因素

45 INVENTORY •庫存管理因素 •Impact –庫存週期 –安全庫存 –季節庫存
–More inventory: higher costs, better responsiveness

46 TRANSPORTATION •Components of Transportation Decisions •Trade-off
–Mode: Air, Truck, Rail, Ship, Pipeline, Internet –路徑及運輸網路的策劃. –自營或委外. •Trade-off –Speed vs. Cost –Responsive (Customize) vs. Efficiency

47 FACILITIES •Production/Storage Facilities
•Components of Facility Decisions –Location –Capacity (Efficiency vs. Flexibility) 大產能低成本高效率但轉換不容易. –Manufacturing/Warehousing Methodology •SKU Storage, Job Lot Storage •Cross docking

48 INFORMATION •Key to connect SC stages • “粘結”SC各過程的介面 • 幫助作決定
• 使用的科技 –EDI, Internet, ERP, SCM Software,…

49 Components of Information Decisions
•Push vs Pull –推式是以生產的主計劃在MRP系統的引導下,預估對零件規格,數量,需求日期的需求表,並通知相關的供應鏈成員. –拉式是以實際的需求,非常快速的傳遞給供應鏈上的相關成員,以便快速的回應,使得產品可以適時,適量,適地的供應給客戶.

50 Drivers of Supply Chain Performance

51

52 自動辨識科技 條碼及條碼掃瞄器 無線電頻率標籤牌及天線: 晶片.進入天線的範圍時,進行資料擷取,記錄交易狀況及庫存狀況.
磁帶及光學卡:如信用卡磁帶,但無法用在快速的揀選系統. 視訊系統:透過攝影機記錄物流主體影像及編碼.速度中等.但較貴.

53 Supply Chain Strategy-Edward Frazelle
愛德華.弗列佐所著,作者為國際物流的執行長,喬治亞理工學院物流研究所的創辦人. 提出的作業邏輯性架構,說明在一個複雜的供應鏈體系中,物流系統如何運作,如何連結。 不能只憑著直覺或經驗來設計或管理這個系統,而是只有追求作業的最佳化。 數字的產生可以透過指標的建立與資訊技術在較低的成本下來完成,透過書中所提出的指標與方法,再加上即時的資訊相輔,必定可以將企業的物流推向一個極有效率的境界。

54 Supply Chain Strategy-Edward Frazelle
絕大多數的企業,往往無法在「降低物流成本」和「維繫並提升顧客滿意度」之間取得平衡,甚至缺乏一個檢視自身物流績效的衡量指標,以致於供應鏈環節有瑕疵而不自知,白白錯失了改善並強化流程效率的機會。 本書的出現,相信可以為以上問題提供一個與眾不同的解決方案。

55 Supply Chain 應有的功能 顧客回應 存貨作業 供應作業 運輸作業 倉儲作業 衡量指標與目標 資訊系統 組織發展 流程設計

56 供應鏈組織管理 供應鏈計分板 找BENCHMARK 和合作伙伴共同規劃,預測及執行
供應鏈的最佳化-供應鏈全體成員條件納入考慮,經計算機尋求出最佳組合. 共同採購 策略性委外

57 公司物流組織整合 將所有的物流功能置放在同一部門內,以提高物流管理的績效.(採購,倉儲,運輸;…) 成立物流管理委員會.
設計績效衡量指標.(整合各部門的目標成為全方位物流目標.)

58 物流組織架構 整合式物流組織 物流長 物流規劃小組,指標績效衡量與追蹤 顧客回應VP 供應VP 配銷VP 顧客服務總監 訂單處理總監
存貨規劃管理總監 採購總監 配銷總監 運輸總監

59 台灣物流業面臨的危機 (一)消費成長趨緩貨流萎縮 (二)台灣投資環境差,產業外移、貨源空洞化 (三)大陸貨源高成長,台灣物流樞紐角色不保
(四)國際物流業超級明星相繼入境,國內業者招架吃力

60 台灣物流服務業如何轉型升級 (一)由合併或策略整合,尋找生存空間,運輸與倉儲是物流的最主要的活動,台灣的運輸及倉儲業普遍零細,體質健全者不多,唯有由合併及策略整合,提高營運規模,或可尋得一線生機。 (二)由傳統的物流服務轉型為提供整體解決方案,能支援執行現代化供應鏈管理的物流服務,換言之,物流服務業應從單純實體提供各各物流活動的作業服務擴展到能支援供應鏈管理相關的採購、資訊、收款、貿易、庫存管理、交貨等的操作或代行服務。

61 (三)由國內物流走向全球化物流 台灣廠商外移,導致台灣貨源減少,而歐美日台韓新等國家廠商的全球化的分散生產佈局,導致全球貨源仍能持續成長,物流業應跟隨企業外移的機會配合廠商走出台灣,學習提供區域或全球的物流運籌服務。 (四)由實體物流專業導向走向軟性物流專業導向 進入二十一世紀,顧客廠商為提昇競爭力無不卯足馬力積極投入資訊系統的建置,全力邁向現代化供應鏈管理系統,追求快速回應,零庫存及上下游供應鏈全體最適化。物流服務業必須要擁有能與客戶銜接配合的資訊系統能力,才能積極扮演物流運籌代工的角色以與客戶廠商做最適化的整合。    


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