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美式发音versus英式发音 求同存异
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概述(1) 个人—社团—民族——语言的个性、共性与变体:How many people speak the same language even when they are speaking the same language? “标准语言”和方言——子虚乌有的“标准语言”:A standard language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
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概述(2) 到底有多少种英语? 核心:英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚(、新西兰)。 外围:南非、印度、新加坡、加勒比等地区。
边缘:牙买加、菲律宾、马来,以及其他地区。
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概述(3) 所谓的“美式发音”、“英式发音”,其实是一厢情愿的过度概括。 美音=纽约腔,英音=伦敦腔?:曼哈顿&西区?
“中产”和“上流”的发音 最不离谱的操作:找几个具体的人作为模仿对象即可。
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提醒 发音只是美式英语和英式英语区别的一个方面。 词汇、语法、成语、某些表达的使用频率,这些方面都存在差别。
美国也存在部分带“英式口音”的本土人士(新英格兰)。 所谓的美式发音,有时指的是北美(美国+ 加拿大)地区的英语发音。
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学习策略 选定一种口音 选定某个人或某段材料作为模仿对象 题材类似、发音不同的原声材料,是观察英音美音差别的最佳材料——会包含相同的关键词。
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音素层面的区别(1) 卷舌音 [r] Mysterious, experience, serious [ɑr] VS. [ɑ:]
Arm, argue, departure, party, pardon, mark, market, far, sharp, heart, star, smart
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音素层面的区别(2) [ɔr] VS. [ɔ:] Organic, order, force, more, morning, core, soar, board, war, court, source [ɝ] VS. [ə:] Work, word, world, term, burn, bird, serve, dirt, nurse, curse, virtue, first, birth
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音素层面的区别(3) [ɚ] VS. [ə] Better, caretaker, lawyer, manner, doctor, motor, minor, protector, shower, tower [Ir] VS. [iə] Ear, clear, near, gear, fear, hear, beard, weird, severe, career, cheer, fierce
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音素层面的区别(4) [ɛr] VS. [eə] Air, hair, lair, fair, pair, chair, repair, stair, scare, care, dare, spare, swear, prepare [ur] VS. [uə] Poor, tour, detour, moor, lure, allure, sure, ensure, assure
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音素层面的区别(5) [ɔ] VS. [ɔ:] Walk, talk, law, saw, cause, flaw, caught, taught, daughter, automobile, brought [ɑ] VS. [ɔ]\[ɒ] Body, hot, dog, shot, shop, shock, problem, drop, qualify, rock, wash, watch, topic
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音素层面的区别(6) [Λ] Ugly, utmost, other, bus, bubble, butter, duck, cover, supper, subtle, judge, just [æ] Apple, add, ash, action, absolute, atom, bad, passion, gather, mad, challenge, fact
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音素层面的区别(7) [аU] Loud, shout, doubt, allow, brow, how, about, power, sour, hour, found, sound, bound [о] VS. [əu] Old, ocean, know, bone, joke, smoke, radio, slow, glow, told, cold, folk, goal, soul
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音素层面的区别(8) [ju][ju:] & [u] [u:]
Sue, choose, juice, new, due, tune, Tuesday, enthusiastic, pursue, moon, soon, shoe, Zeus 在[t] [d] [Ѕ] [z] [ʃ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [n] 后的[ju][ju:] & [u] [u:] 可能傻傻分不清——其实也没必要加以区分。
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单词层面的区别(1) 美式 [æ] VS.英式 [ɑ:] Pass, past, mast, master, cast, fast, last, ask, task, vast, command, demand, half, dance, chance, advance, advantage, laugh, staff, aunt
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单词层面的区别(2) [Λ]发音不同造成的差异:英式偏向“啊”,美式偏向“饿”。 美式[Λ]容易与[r] 融合为[ɝ]。
Courage, curry, current, hurry 上述单词的美式发音含有[ɝ]与后面元音自然连读的情况。
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单词层面的区别(3) 美式 [əl] VS.英式 [аIl]
Volatile, futile, fertile, sterile, versatile, mobile, missile 美式发音:轻读[I]的含糊与省略 Believe, supplement, compliment, domesticate, masticate, destination
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单词层面的区别(4) -lu-的读音:美式[lu] VS.英式[lju:];暗[l]的发音
Evolution, allure, lure, illusion, deluge;value, polio 美式奇葩:wh-—[hw](重读时,元音凸显);[h]省略 What, why, while, overwhelm;Human, herb, herbivore
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单词层面的区别(5) 美式发音:多音节单词中的次重音,平衡单词的音节结构 Ordinary, necessary, extraordinary, secretary, military, voluntary, inventory, laboratory, territory, mandatory
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单词层面的区别(6) 某些音素的分布差异可能产生连锁反应 弱读元音省略,触发额外的发音偏离现象:缩合与增音 modern, ordinary, laboratory, secretary
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单词层面的区别(7) -ization VS. –isation: 美式 [I] VS. 英式 [ai] Civilization, organization, realization, globalization, Americanization, Anglicization Schedule的发音
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爆破音(尤其是[t])的爆破程度(英音>美音);美音中[t]的“蜻蜓点水”式发音
整体风格的区别(1) 爆破音(尤其是[t])的爆破程度(英音>美音);美音中[t]的“蜻蜓点水”式发音 Matter, better, pretty, possibility, university, Pentagon, international,(Antarctica?), water
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整体风格的区别(2) 鼻音的浓厚程度(美音(twangy)>英音);在[ɛ][æ][аʊ][аI]的鼻化元音中尤其明显
Can, fan, span, ran, ban, cram, spam, men, send, pen, depend, spend, down, found, count, lounge, line, kind, fine, find, mine, spine
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整体风格的区别(3) 轻重反差和语调升降幅度(英音>美音)
英式发音表现得相对庄重典雅,贵族味和戏剧效果较明显;美式发音显得相对柔和舒缓、时髦、富有平民气息。
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整体风格的区别(4) 美式英语比英式英语更能“体现”单词发音与拼写的对应;美式拼写似乎更为“简洁直观”
卷舌元音与r的位置——metre-meter, centre-center, theatre-theater u的“多余”和省略——colour-color, favour-favor, labour-labor 单词结尾-or的发音:mentor, metaphor
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