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第十一章 專案分析與評估 11.1 評估NPV估計值 基本問題
第十一章 專案分析與評估 11.1 評估NPV估計值 基本問題 確認相關現金流量,排除沈入成本,考量營運資金需求,加回所有折舊,並考慮可能的侵蝕,注意機會成本. 預測的現金流量和實際的現金流量
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預測風險 預測風險(forecasting risk)或估計風險(estimation risk):因為預測現金流量的錯誤所導致不良決策的可能性 價值的來源
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11.2 情境分析與其它“如果-會怎樣”分析 簡介 情境分析(scenario analysis)
11.2 情境分析與其它“如果-會怎樣”分析 簡介 基本狀況(base case)分析:根據預測的現金流量來估計NPV值 情境分析(scenario analysis) “如果-會怎樣”分析(What-if analysis)的基本型式稱為情境分析 最佳情況(上限) 、基本情況、最差情況(下限)
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敏感度分析(sensitivity analysis)
敏感度分析是情境分析的一種變化型分析,針對預測風險特別嚴重的地方進行研究 圖 11.1 Sensitivity analysis for unit sales Net present value ( $000) NPV = $39,357 NPV = $15,567 (worst case ) (best case ) (base case ) Unit sales 5,500 6,000 6,500 NPV = -$8,226 模擬分析(simulation analysis)
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11.3 損益兩平分析(break-even analysis)
損益兩平分析是一種普遍用來分析銷貨量 和獲利力之間關係 固定成本和變動成本 變動成本(variable costs):隨著產出數量改變而改變。產量為零時,變動成本為零 總變動成本(VC)每單位產出成本(v)和總產出數量(Q)之間的關係: 總變動成本 = 總產出數量*每單位產出成本 VC = Q*v
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圖 11.2 Output level and variable costs
2,000 10,000 = $2 Quantity of output ( sales volume ) 1,000 5,000
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Example 11.1 Variable Costs
The Blume Corporation has received an order for 5,000 pencils. The company knows that each pencil requires 5 cents in raw materials and 50 cents in direct labor costs. What will Blume’s total variable costs be if it accepts the order? Total cost per unit = = 55 cents At 5,000 units of output , VC = Q * C = 5,000 * $0.55 = $2,750
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固定成本(fixed costs):在一段特定期間內不會改變。固定成本不會因一段期間所產生的商品或勞務數量而變動
總成本(Total costs):在某一產出水準下的總成本(TC),就是變動成本(VC)和固定成本(FC)的和 TC = VC + FC TC = Q*v + FC 邊際成本(marginal cost)或增量成本(incremental cost)
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Example 11.2 Average Cost versus Marginal Cost
Variable cost per pencil of 55 cents. The lease payment runs $5,000 per month. The company produces 100,000 pencils per year. What is the total costs and the average cost per pencil? Total cost = v * Q + FC = $0.55 * 100, ,000 = $115,000 The average cost per pencil $115,000 / 100,000 = $1.15
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圖 11.3 Output level and Total costs
$38,000 30,000 = 3 20,000 $23,000 Variable costs 10,000 $11,000 8,000 Quantity of output ( sales volume ) Fixed costs 1,000 5,000 10,000
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會計損益兩平(accounting break-even)
會計損益兩平點:專案的淨利等於零時的銷售量 會計損益兩平點:進一步探討 損益兩平點就等於固定成本和折舊的和,除以每單位價格減每單位變動成本 會計損益兩平的運用
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圖 11.4 Accounting break-even
Sales and Cost ( $ ) Revenues = $3/unit Net income >0 Total costs = $900 + $3/unit 2,250 Net income <0 900 Quantity of output ( sales volume ) 450
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11.4 營業現金流量、銷售量和損益兩平點 會計損益兩平和現金流量 基本狀況 計算損益兩平水準 還本期間和會計損益兩平點
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Operating cash flow ($000)
銷售量和營業現金流量 圖 Operating cash flow and sales volume Operating cash flow ($000) $1,170 $750 Quantity sold Cash break-even = 25 Accounting break-even = 60 Financial break-even = 84 -$500
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現金流量、會計損益兩平點和財務損益兩平點
再談會計損益兩平點 Q = (FC+ OCF)/(P–v) 現金損益兩平點(cash break-even):即營業現金流量等於零時 Q = (FC+0)/(P– v) 財務損益兩平點(financial break-even):導致NPV等於零的銷售量
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11.5 營業槓桿 基本概念 營業槓桿(operating leverage):專案或公司對固定生產成本承諾的程度。一般而言,在廠房和設備上投資較多的專案,營業槓桿程度也較高,這種方案屬於資本密集(capital intensive) 營業槓桿的含義 營業槓桿程度越高,預測風險的潛在危險就越大
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衡量營業槓桿 營業槓桿和損益兩平點 營業槓桿程度(degree of operating leverage, DOL)
OCF的變動百分比 = DOL*Q的變動百分比 DOL = 1+FC/OCF 營業槓桿和損益兩平點
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Example 11.3 Operating Leverage
The price of gourmet dog food = $1.20/per can. Variable cost = 80 cents. Fixed costs = $360,000/per year. Depreciation = $60,000/per year. What is the Accounting break-even? Ignoring taxes, what will be the increase in operating cash flow if the quantity sold rises to 10% above the break-even point? Accounting break-even $420,000/0.4 = 1,050,000 cans. The operating cash flow at this level of production = $60,000 DOL = 1 + FC/OCF = 1 + $360,000/60,000 = 7 The quantity sold 10% The operating cash flow 70%
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11.6 資本預算的額外考量 管理者的選擇和資本配額
11.6 資本預算的額外考量 管理者的選擇和資本配額 管理者的選擇(managerial options):視未來實際發生的情況而修正一個專案的機會 應變規劃(contingency planning) 擴張的選擇(option to expend) 放棄的選擇 等待的選擇(option to wait) 資本預算的選擇 策略性選擇(strategic option)
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資本配額(capital rationing)
軟性配額(soft rationing):企業中的不同單位每年分配到固定的金額作為資本支出。軟性配額的重點是整個公司並不缺乏資金 硬性配額(hard rationing):企業不管怎樣都無法再籌得資金
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