Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
第16章 垄断竞争 上海杉达学院
2
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案 几种市场的特征 垄断竞争企业如何决定产量和价格?长期中它们能获得经济利润吗?
垄断竞争通过什么方式影响社会福利? 广告的社会成本与利益分别是什么? 2
3
介绍:在垄断与完全竞争之间 两个极端: 在这两个极端之间:不完全竞争 完全竞争:许多企业,相同的产品 垄断:一家企业
介绍:在垄断与完全竞争之间 两个极端: 完全竞争:许多企业,相同的产品 垄断:一家企业 在这两个极端之间:不完全竞争 寡头:只有几个提供相似或相同产品的卖者 垄断竞争:存在许多出售相似但不相同产品的企业 In the preceding two chapters, we studied the two extremes of the competition spectrum. This chapter focuses on monopolistic competition, one of the market structures in between the two extremes. Examples of each market type: Perfect competition: wheat, milk Monopoly: tap water, cable TV Oligopoly: tennis balls, cigarettes Monopolistic competition: novels, movies 3 3 3
4
垄断竞争的特征与例子 特征: 例子: 许多卖者 产品不同 自由进入与退出市场 书籍 衣服 快餐 4
垄断竞争的特征与例子 特征: 许多卖者 产品不同 自由进入与退出市场 例子: 书籍 衣服 快餐 Another important dimension of product differentiation, not emphasized in the book, is location. Gasoline seems like an undifferentiated product, yet different gas stations charge different prices. How can some gas stations get away with charging 5 or even 10 cents more per gallon? The answer is product differentiation by location. Imagine you’re driving home in rush-hour traffic from a grueling 10-hour day at the office. The orange warning light comes on, indicating your car needs gas. After uttering a few choice expletives, you notice two gas stations at an upcoming intersection. The one on the right charges 5 cents more than the one on the left, but is easily accessible. The one on the left would require you to make a left-hand turn in heavy traffic to get into the station, and another to get out. And how much would you save? If you buy 20 gallons, you’d save only $1. Alternatively, imagine you run a gas station located in a highly residential area, in which there are few other businesses – including gas stations. If people want gas, they can buy it from you, or they can drive 10 minutes to a more commercial area with lots of gas stations. Your location allows you to charge a higher price. Business people have long understood that location is a critical dimension of product differentiation. Hence the saying “location, location, location.” 4 4 4
5
比较完全竞争与垄断竞争 完全竞争 垄断竞争 许多 卖者的数量 是 自由进入/退出市场 零利润 长期经济利润 不同 完全相同 企业出售的产品
比较完全竞争与垄断竞争 完全竞争 垄断竞争 许多 卖者的数量 是 自由进入/退出市场 零利润 长期经济利润 不同 完全相同 企业出售的产品 That long-run profits are zero follows from free entry/exit. The market power of a monopolistic competitor follows from the fact that it sells a product that is at least somewhat different from products sold by other firms. The D curve facing a monopolistically competitive firm is downward-sloping because the firm has a bit of market power and sells a unique variety. 有 无,价格接受者 企业有市场势力吗? 向右下方倾斜 水平 企业面临的需求曲线 5 5 5
6
比较垄断与垄断竞争 垄断 垄断竞争 许多 一个 卖者的数量 是 不是 自由进入/退出市场 零利润 正利润 长期经济利润 有
比较垄断与垄断竞争 垄断 垄断竞争 许多 一个 卖者的数量 是 不是 自由进入/退出市场 零利润 正利润 长期经济利润 有 企业有市场势力吗? For monopolistic competition, free entry/exit drives profits to zero in the long run. In contrast, barriers to entry prevent the monopolist’s profits from being driven to zero. A monopoly is the sole seller of a product with no close substitutes. In contrast, the monopolistic competitor sells a product with many close substitutes. As a result, demand for the monopolist’s product is less elastic than demand for the monopolistic competitor’s product. 向右下方倾斜 向右下方倾斜 (市场需求) 企业面临的需求曲线 许多 没有 相近的替代品 6 6 6
7
市场结构的四种类型 企业数量? 一家企业 几家企业 许多企业 产品类型? 有差别产品 相同产品 • 小说 电影 垄断竞争 (第16章) •
小麦 牛奶 完全竞争 (第14章) • 自来水 有线电视 垄断 (第15章) • 网球 烟草 寡头 (第17章)
8
短期中垄断竞争企业 企业面临向下倾斜的需求曲线 在每个Q, MR < P 利润最大化条件:生产产量MR = MC 价格
短期中垄断竞争企业 企业面临向下倾斜的需求曲线 在每个Q, MR < P 利润最大化条件:生产产量MR = MC 价格的决定:企业使用需求曲线来设定价格 P 在Q处利润最大 MC ATC 产量 价格 利润 D P MR ATC The graphical analysis of the monopolistically competitive firm’s output, price, and profits/losses is very similar to that of the monopoly firm. One subtle difference is that the demand curve (and MR curve) facing the monopolistically competitive firm is likely to be flatter than the demand curve facing the monopolist, as the monopolistic competitor faces competition from other firms selling similar products. Q 8 8 8
9
短期中亏损的垄断竞争企业 产量:MR = MC 此时P < ATC 在Q处损失最小 价格 MC 损失 ATC ATC P D MR Q
短期中亏损的垄断竞争企业 产量:MR = MC 此时P < ATC 在Q处损失最小 MC ATC 产量 价格 损失 ATC D P MR Q 9
10
垄断竞争企业与垄断企业的比较 短期:垄断竞争条件下企业的行为和垄断企业的行为很相像 10
11
长期中的垄断竞争企业 长期:垄断竞争条件下,企业自由进入与退出市场会使市场上企业的经济利润趋于零
如果市场上企业短期内能盈利,新企业会进入市场。这会减少市场上企业的需求,价格下降,利润也减少 如果市场上企业短期内有损失,一些企业会退出市场。那些继续留在市场上的企业会面临更高的需求和价格
12
垄断竞争企业的长期均衡 长期均衡条件: 1. P>MC=MR 2. P = ATC(利润=0) 价格 MC ATC P = ATC D
垄断竞争企业的长期均衡 长期均衡条件: 1. P>MC=MR 2. P = ATC(利润=0) MC ATC 产量 价格 P = ATC 价格加成 The level of output that minimizes ATC is greater than the output that maximizes the monopolistic competitor’s profits. Hence, we say the monopolistic competitor operates with excess capacity. (More on this topic on the next slide.) D MC MR Q 12 12 12
13
垄断竞争与完全竞争企业长期均衡比较 1. 产量:生产能力过剩 2. 价格高于边际成本的价格加成
垄断竞争与完全竞争企业长期均衡比较 1. 产量:生产能力过剩 垄断竞争者在平均总成本曲线向右下方倾斜的那部分生产,这时的产量小于使平均总成本最小时的产量 在完全竞争条件下,企业生产的产量是使平均总成本最小的产量 2. 价格高于边际成本的价格加成 在垄断竞争条件下, P > MC 在完全竞争条件下, P = MC Due to the markup of price over marginal cost, the market output under monopolistic competition will be smaller than the socially efficient output, as we discuss on the following slide. 13 13 13
14
垄断竞争与社会福利 垄断竞争市场并不具有完全竞争市场所具有的全部合意的福利特点
垄断竞争与社会福利 垄断竞争市场并不具有完全竞争市场所具有的全部合意的福利特点 因为 P > MC,垄断竞争市场的产量小于使社会有效率的产量 然而,政策制定者解决这个问题很困难:企业获得零利润,因此不能要求它们降低价格 The problem facing policymakers here is similar to the problem arising from natural monopoly: With natural monopoly, ATC is always falling, so MC is below ATC. If regulators force a natural monopoly to price at marginal cost, it will incur losses. 14 14 14
15
垄断竞争与社会福利 市场上企业的数量可能并不是理想的数量,这是因为与新企业进入市场相关的外部性:
垄断竞争与社会福利 市场上企业的数量可能并不是理想的数量,这是因为与新企业进入市场相关的外部性: 产品多样化外部性: 消费者从新产品引进中得到了消费者剩余 抢走业务外部性: 企业因新竞争者进入市场而遭受的损失 垄断竞争的无效率是模糊的,并且难以衡量。政策制定者没有简单易行的方法来改善市场结果 One of these externalities is positive, the other is negative. It’s not clear which one is bigger, and it may in fact differ by industry. 15 15 15
16
广告 1. 目前为止,我们学习了三种市场结构:完全竞争,垄断与垄断竞争。在这三种市场结构中,你想企业花钱为它们的产品做广告吗?为什么会或者不会? 2. 从社会的角度来说,广告是好事还是坏事?列举其利弊。 Consider breaking up your lecture with a 10 minute discussion. First, give your students a few quiet moments to formulate their responses. Then, ask for volunteers to share their answers. If you have a chalkboard or dry-erase board, concisely paraphrase each student’s response as it is volunteered. If a student volunteers a “wrong” answer, write it down anyway. After the class has generated a list, have the class go over each item on the list to make sure it really belongs on the list. Benefits: 1) Breaks up the lecture into chunks. 2) Engages students. 3) Gets students to think about the implications of the market structures they’ve studied so far. (Hopefully, some will recognize that product differentiation is a critical determinant of firms’ motivation to spend on advertising.) 4) Makes students feel invested in learning the second half of the chapter. 16 16
17
关于广告的争论 广告的批评者 广告的辩护者 品牌 广告操纵了人们的偏好 夸大产品差别,抑制了竞争 为顾客提供信息,传递质量信号
广告促进了竞争 赋予新企业吸引顾客的手段 品牌
18
总结——四种市场结构 厂 商 数 量 产品差异 无 有 一家 垄断(唯一产品) 几家 寡头 许多 完全竞争 垄断竞争
19
总结——四种市场结构 完全竞争 垄断 垄断竞争 卖方数量 许多 一家 自由进出 是 否 长期经济利润 零 有 产品差异化 完全相同 唯一
有一定替代性,不完全相同 市场势力 无,价格接受者 需求曲线 水平 右下倾斜
20
总结——四种市场结构 完全竞争 垄断 垄断竞争 企业目标 利润最大化 利润最大化条件 MR=MC 利润最大时价格 P=MC P>MC
能生产社会福利最大化的产量吗 能 不能
Similar presentations