Translating Skills —— Conversion.

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1 Translating Skills —— Conversion

2 Try to translate the following sentences:
1. This watch never varies more than a second in a month. 2. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 3. It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic. 4. Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 1. 这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。 2. 火箭已被用来探索宇宙。 3.人们已经证实，气体具有理想的可收缩性。 4. 只要将他们仔细比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。

3 Definition of Conversion:
Conversion, one of the commonly adopted translation techniques, means the change of parts of speech in translation. Owing to the syntactical differences between English and Chinese, it is usually impossible for a translator to keep to the original part of speech in the process of translation.

4 Ⅰ. Converting the English Word into Chinese Verb
One of the most remarkable differences between English and Chinese syntax is the use of the verb. It is taken for granted that an English sentence contains no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.

5 动词多是汉语的一大特点， “请你陪我去走走，去看看。” 这句当中，就有“请”、“陪”、“去走走”、“去看看”这些动词。英语句法要求一个句子当中只能有一个谓语动词，因此，英语中有不少此类，尤其是名词、前置词（也称介词）、形容词、副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。

6 1. from noun into verb Noun + “er/ar”
I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I. 我是一个业余演员。他演得比我好。 The old hunter is a good skier. 这位老猎人滑雪滑得很好。 I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。 He is a great talker/ liar. 他这个人最爱说谎了/ 老是说谎。

7 He is a commander of a regiment.
他指挥着一个团。 He is the murderer of his boss. 他谋杀了他的老板。 He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years. 他统治那个地区长达20年之久。 He is an ardent lover of classical music. 他酷爱音乐。 He was a regular visitor. 他经常来访。

8 Other nouns into verbs：
She was looking for a single-mom roommate. 她正在找一个单身妈妈合住。 The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。 His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest. 他因受贿而被捕。

9 There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量已 大大增加。 Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin. 骄傲自满最终毁了他。 I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感谢父亲，因为在我小时候他总是 不断地鼓励我。 Access to Internet is very simple. 上因特网很简单。

10 In their work, they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice.
他们在工作中十分注意理论联系实际。 The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 The failure of the firm was caused by poor management. 这家公司因管理不善而破产。 His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest. 他因受贿而被捕。

11 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已被用来探索宇宙。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的飞机声，我感到心驰神往。 For 20 years, we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods. 过去二十年，我们坐视我们的原料价格下跌，而工业价格却暴涨。

12 To do →v. （英语中作名词用的不定式短语转译成汉语的动词短语） To sum up experience in the international trade with other countries conscientiously is of great importance. 认真总结与他国在国际贸易中的经验十分必要。

13 Nouns, as subjects, in the idioms →v.
短语have a look/ rest; lay stress on; go for a walk; take care of等之中的n.转 译为v. They took a final look at the statue, still intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了一眼这座雕像——它依然安 然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 The next news item, shorter than usual, made no mention of the strike. 下一条新闻比通常的短，没有提到罢工。

14 Gerund →v. The flowing of current first in one direction and then in another makes an alternating current. 电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一个方向流动构成交流电。 One of our ways for getting heat is burning fuels. 我们获取热能的一种方法是燃烧燃料。 Heating water does not change its chemical composition. 把水加热不会改变水的化学成分。

15 2. from adjective into verb
表示知觉、感情、欲望等心理状态的的形容词与系动词在一起构成的复合谓语，汉译时可以转译成汉语动词。 afraid angry ashamed discouraged sure doubtful familiar ignorant grateful tired

16 We are deeply concerned at the
news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. 获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。 I am anxious to learn another foreign language. 我渴望再学一门外语。 I am worried about her health. 我为她的健康担忧。 They are news-hungry. 他们迫切地想弄到信息。

17 I am rather doubtful about his real motive for doing this.
我颇怀疑他做此事的动机。 The program was not popular with all of the troops. 部队并不是所有的人都喜欢这个计划。 They are quite content with the statistical date on exports and imports of last year. 他们满足于去年的进出口统计数据。

18 Other adj. into v. His parliamentary career was stormy. 他的议员生活充满曲折。 He said the meeting was informative. 他说这个会议使人知道许多事情。 They are fighting for a better life. 他们为改善生活而斗争。 Sugar and salt are both soluble in water. 糖和盐二者都溶于水。

19 3. from preposition into verb
with和in：表方法/工具/伴随状态; above超出； across 穿过；beyond超出；past 经过；over 超过； for: 表目的/赞成； amid处理； away和off：表离开/摆脱/没有等状态; by means of利用; in place of代替; in praise of 表扬; in favor of 赞成; in spite of 不管/不顾; against 反对;

20 What are you after? 你追求什么？ We are inside two marriages. 我们在观察两队夫妻。 Eight-year-old Tom was born without an ear. 八岁的汤姆出生时就缺一只耳朵。 The woman, with her two daughters, arrived. 这妇女带着她的两个女儿到了。 People are with him. 人民拥护他。 At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午，她回家吃饭。

21 Everyone was away on holiday.
大家都去度假了。 He was away before dawn. 他是黎明前出发的。 The irregularly shaped parts of that machine can be washed very clean by ultrasonic waves. 用超声波可以把这台机器中的形状不规则部件洗得干干净净。 After the marriage, Michael adopted Linda’s son by a former boyfriend. 婚后，麦克收养了琳达与前男友所生的儿子。

22 Dabord said he shot Dele in self-defense.
德伯德说他是出于自卫才向戴乐开枪。 Now ten years later, she has gained her master’s degree from Harvard’s School of Education and is finally off welfare. 十年后的今天，她获得了哈佛大学教育学院的硕士学位，并终于摆脱了救济。

23 4. from adverb into verb behind落后；down 坏掉/失望； up 起来；from免受/不受到； in加入、流行、执政； off 走/离开; on 穿上/开始； out 出去/熄灭/过去/退潮/开花/出局/损失/过时/罢工; over结束；through穿越/经过

24 The manager is in before anyone else.
经理在别人来之前就到了。 The gas is out. 瓦斯熄灭了。 Summer is out. 夏天过去了。 The workmen are out. 工人在罢工。 I was out fifteen dollars through you. 我为你损失了15美元。 You must be off now. 你们现在得走了。

25 Let me through. 让我过去。 Have the oiling of the parts through before the machine is operated. 在开动机器之前，要把部件的上油工作做完。 We are through the initial testing period 我们通过了最初的考试阶段。 The librarian told me that the book was out. 图书管理员告诉我，那本书借出去了。 Our machine is down. 我们的机器坏了。 We are two days ahead of schedule. 我们比原计划提前了两天。

26 As he ran out, he forgot to have his
shoes on. 他跑出去时， 忘记了穿鞋子。 The performance is on. 演出已经开始了。 After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落 后了。 The 20-year long cooperation between the two countries is over due to the war. 两国之间20年之久的合作关系因战争已告结束。

27 Ⅱ. Converting the English Word into Chinese Noun
Nouns account for an overwhelming part of the vocabulary both in Chinese and in English. Conversion between nouns and other parts of speech is also frequently adopted in English-Chinese translation.

28 1. from verb into noun The ten-year-old girl behaves as if she were an adult. 那个十岁小女孩的举止简直像个成年人。 Jane is diabetic and has survived breast cancer. 珍妮患有糖尿病，还是乳腺癌的幸存者。 The murder was motivated by deep hatred. 杀人的动机是刻骨仇恨。

29 The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries.
贸易的巨增给两国带来了益处。 The audience wants all different things. 观众的需求各不相同。 He objected that the plan is not practical. 他的反对理由是：这个计划不现实。 Most students behaved respectfully towards their parents. 大部分学生对家长态度很恭敬。

30 v. derived from n. → n. The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。 As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行，他成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切坏事的化身。

31 v. in passive voice → n. 这种结构可被译为： “受/遭到… +n.” or “予/加以+n.”
Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views. 在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。

32 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味芬芳。 It tastes too much of garlic.
英语中某些感觉动词，如look, sound, smell, feel等，译成汉语时可考虑装换成名词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味芬芳。 It tastes too much of garlic. 这东西大蒜的味道太重。 He did not look or act like his usual self—his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was wildly rumpled. 他此时的样子和表现都一反常态—脸孔涨得通红，帽子向后斜戴着，头发也乱成一团。

33 2. from adjective into noun
Thus a symbolic representation of the human world was a cross within a circle. 于是，中间画了一个十字的圆圈便成了人类世界的象征。 Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布高。 The electrical appliances made in China are competitive in the world market. 中国制造的电器产品在国际市场上很有竞争力。

34 Tom is courageous, ambitious, but unintelligent.
汤姆有勇气，有雄心，但不怎么聪明。 He was eloquent and elegant----but soft. 他有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 They are considered insincere. 他们被认为是伪君子。 Official Moscow is going to object the proposal. 莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议。

35 英语中一些名词化的形容词，前面加定冠词 the 就可以转换成类名词，表示“…的人或 物”,译成汉语时转换成名词“人、者、员、的” （均为复数名词）等。 the injured the busy 伤员 忙碌的人；大忙人 the unemployed the needy 失业者；有困难的人 穷人 the oppressed the educated 被压迫者 受过教育的人 the uneducated the blind 未受过教育的人 盲人；瞎子 the handicapped the brave 残疾人 勇士

36 3. from adverb into noun It is officially announced that the unemployment rate will get lower next year. 官方宣称明年失业率会有所降低。 He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力强，但智力弱。 Sodium is very active chemically. 金属钠化学反应很活跃。

37 Ⅲ. Converting the English Word into Chinese Adjective
Some other parts of speech in English can be converted into Chinese adjectives to smooth the translation. 1. from verb into adjective The rotten meat stinks. 腐肉很臭。 I wonder if the plan works in such a condition. 我在想这个计划在这样的情况下是否是有效的。

38 2. from noun into adjective
n. derived from a.→ a. We deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it. 我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。 The spokesman admitted the feasibility of the American proposals. 发言人承认美国的建议是可行的。 I can note the grace of her gesture. 我注意到她优雅的手势

39 Your African guests are immensely impressed by the splendour and warmth of our reception at the airport, along the boulevard and in the Great Hall of the People. 你们的非洲客人被你们在机场、在街道、在人民大会堂所给予我们盛大的、热情的接待深深感动。

40 n. + a(n) 作表语→ a. He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。 Their performance was a success. 他们的演出很成功。

41 The economic indexes showed the 20-year or so reform has been a success.
经济指数显示，20余年的改革至今是成功的。 When it comes to recycling, Germans are the world champions. 在废物回收利用方面，德国人在世界上是领先的。

42 3. from adverb into adjective
She chirped, blinking her eyes happily. 她叽叽喳喳地叫着，两眼闪着快乐的光芒。 Hopefully, the research project can be completed on time. 按时完成这项工程是有希望的。 The computer is mainly characterized by accuracy and quick computation. 计算机的主要特点是计算快速、准确。 Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。

43 In science and engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws
and principles accurately. 工程学方面，定律和原理的正确叙述非常重要。 The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology. 电子计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的发展有极大的影响。

44 Ⅳ. Converting the English Word into Chinese Adverb
Sometimes, for the sake of convenience, some parts of speech in English may be converted into Chinese adverbs. 1. from adj. into adv. With slight modification each type can be used for all three systems. 每种型号只要稍加改动就能用于这三种系统。 Special care should be taken when handling flammable materials. 使用易燃材料要格外小心。

45 We have made a careful study of the idea that money is a social ruler.
我们仔细研究了这种以收入高低为社会尺度的观点。 Can you give us an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？ A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere. 直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。

46 This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是在胡说。 He was in a clear minority. 他显然属于少数。 Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements. 到处都在热烈地讨论他的成就。 They give him a hearty welcome. 他们热忱地欢迎他。

47 2. from n. into adv. It is our great pleasure to note that our space industry is developing vigorously. 我们很高兴地看到，我国的航天工业正在蓬勃地发展。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。

48 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感. He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地给我指路。 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我荣幸地通知您，您的要求已得到批准。

49 From Chinese into English:
1. verb—noun 他总是喝很多酒。 He is a great drinker. 他这个人最爱说话了。 He is a great talker. 他妹妹老是说谎。 His sister is a great liar.

50 他对他们越来越憎恨。 Her hatred for them grew more. 他统治那个地区长达20年之久。 He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 Xu Beihong’s drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good. 绝对不允许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated.

51 2. verb—preposition 11点时，他已睡在被窝里。 He was between sheets by eleven. 许多学生反对他。 Many students are against him. 我永远支持你。 Remember that I am always with you. 这种人闹什么呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 What are these people after? They are after fame, position and opportunity to be in the limelight.

52 3. verb—adjective 那个家伙老是滔滔不绝地讲个不停。 That fellow is very talkative. 他读书时不加选择。 He is indiscriminate in reading. 他们迫不及待地想弄到消息。 They were news-hungry.

53 4. verb—adverb 你们现在得走了。 You must be off now. 演出已经开始了。 The performance is on.

54 5. adjective—noun 她非常漂亮。 She is a real beauty. 那个家伙笨得出奇。 That fellow is a typical fool. 你说他傻不傻？ Don’t you think he’s an idiot?

55 我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。
Conversion between different parts of speech 我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。 Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture. (n → adv)

56 Conversion of words in Business English
1. for Nouns 英文名词的转换 1) nouns into verbs Considering the small amount of goods shipped we agree to make an exception by accepting the payment by D/P. 鉴于货运量很小,我们同意破例接受付款交单.

57 2) nouns into adjectives
The facts have shown the objectivity and correctness of the report. 事实证明这一报告是客观正确的. 3) nouns into adverbs They showed their determination to oppose the sanction. 他们表示坚决反对这项制裁.

58 2. for Verbs 英文动词的转换 在一些情况下,动词也可以转译为名词. The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易量有很大的增长,这给两国都带来了益处. 3. for adjectives 英文形容词的转换 1) adjectives into nouns The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同有效期为10年.

59 2) adjectives into verbs
These occurrences are normal, within specifications, and are not indicative of defects in the product. 这些现象都是正常的,符合规格的,并不表明本产品有瑕疵。 3) adjectives into adverbs We hope you could give serious thoughts to this problem again. 我们希望贵方能再认真地考虑这个问题.

60 4. for Adverbs 英文副词的转换 1) adverbs into nouns Psychologically and culturally, it’s difficult and sometimes threatening to look too closely at failure. 从心理学和社会文化上讲,真正深入地剖析失败是非常困难的,有时还会令人心惊胆战. 2) adverbs into verbs Silk is in, and synthetic fibers are out. 丝绸时髦了,而人造纤维失宠了.

61 5. for prepositions (into verbs )
英文介词转换为动词 Are you for or against the proposal? 你赞成还是反对这一提议? Annual subscription for four issues of this journal is $49.00 plus postage and handling($16.00) 本杂志每年4期,全年订阅49美元,外加16美元的邮寄费用.

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